Genome sequencing and comparative transcriptomics of the model entomopathogenic fungi Metarhizium anisopliae and M. acridum.
Genome sequencing and comparative transcriptomics of the model entomopathogenic fungi Metarhizium anisopliae and M. acridum.
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DOI：
10.1371/journal.pgen.1001264
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发表时间：
2011-01-06
期刊：
影响因子：
4.5
通讯作者：
Wang C
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Gao Q;Jin K;Ying SH;Zhang Y;Xiao G;Shang Y;Duan Z;Hu X;Xie XQ;Zhou G;Peng G;Luo Z;Huang W;Wang B;Fang W;Wang S;Zhong Y;Ma LJ;St Leger RJ;Zhao GP;Pei Y;Feng MG;Xia Y;Wang C
绿僵菌属物种被用作化学杀虫剂的环境友好替代品，作为研究昆虫-真菌相互作用的模型系统，以及作为生物技术的基因资源。我们对广谱昆虫病原金龟子绿僵菌和蝗特异性绿僵菌的基因组序列进行了比较分析。[医]阿克丁全基因组分析表明，这两个物种的基因组结构是高度同线的，并建议绿僵菌属植物内生菌或病原体进化。两个M. anisopliae和绿僵菌M.与其他真菌相比，acridum具有显著更大比例的编码分泌蛋白的基因，而其中约30%没有功能特征的同源物，这表明真菌病原体和昆虫之间迄今未被怀疑的相互作用。转座酶基因的分析提供了重复诱导的点突变发生在M。acridum，而M.绿僵菌通过对病原菌-寄主互作基因数据库的分析，发现绿僵菌中约有16%的基因与其他真菌，特别是植物病原菌中致病性相关基因相似。相对于M。acridum，M.吖啶属，M.金龟子绿僵菌已经进化出许多蛋白酶、几丁质酶、细胞色素P450、聚酮酶和非核糖体肽合成酶的扩展基因家族，用于表皮降解、解毒和毒素生物合成，这可能促进其适应异质环境的能力。两种真菌在早期感染过程中的转录分析提供了进一步的见解，涉及感染性和特异性的基因和途径。特别值得注意的是，M。acridum在蝗虫（天然宿主）和蟑螂的细胞膜上转录不同的G蛋白偶联受体，而M.绿僵菌在两种宿主上转录相同的受体。该研究将有助于鉴定毒力基因和开发具有定制特性的改进生防菌株。除了在自然生态系统中发挥关键作用外，昆虫病原真菌还被开发为控制昆虫害虫的环境友好型替代品。我们首次对两种最具特征的昆虫病原菌金龟子绿僵菌和金龟子绿僵菌进行了基因组研究。[医]阿克丁M.绿僵菌是>200种昆虫物种的普遍存在的病原体，并且是促进植物生长的根际定殖者。M.蝗是蝗虫的特异性病原体。本研究的重要发现包括：1）M. anisopliae和绿僵菌M. acridum具有非常大量的编码分泌蛋白的基因，其中许多在真菌-昆虫相互作用中发挥作用。2)M.金龟子绿僵菌比M. acridum，这可能与适应多种昆虫宿主。3)与M. acridum，M.绿僵菌基因组含有更多的转座酶基因，没有重复诱导点突变的证据。缺乏重复诱导的突变可能允许谱系特异性基因复制，这有助于其适应性。4)高通量转录组学确定了这些真菌克服其昆虫宿主并实现特异性的策略。这些基因组序列将为全面了解真菌-植物-昆虫相互作用提供基础，并将有助于我们了解真菌进化和生态学。
Metarhizium spp. are being used as environmentally friendly alternatives to chemical insecticides, as model systems for studying insect-fungus interactions, and as a resource of genes for biotechnology. We present a comparative analysis of the genome sequences of the broad-spectrum insect pathogen Metarhizium anisopliae and the acridid-specific M. acridum. Whole-genome analyses indicate that the genome structures of these two species are highly syntenic and suggest that the genus Metarhizium evolved from plant endophytes or pathogens. Both M. anisopliae and M. acridum have a strikingly larger proportion of genes encoding secreted proteins than other fungi, while ∼30% of these have no functionally characterized homologs, suggesting hitherto unsuspected interactions between fungal pathogens and insects. The analysis of transposase genes provided evidence of repeat-induced point mutations occurring in M. acridum but not in M. anisopliae. With the help of pathogen-host interaction gene database, ∼16% of Metarhizium genes were identified that are similar to experimentally verified genes involved in pathogenicity in other fungi, particularly plant pathogens. However, relative to M. acridum, M. anisopliae has evolved with many expanded gene families of proteases, chitinases, cytochrome P450s, polyketide synthases, and nonribosomal peptide synthetases for cuticle-degradation, detoxification, and toxin biosynthesis that may facilitate its ability to adapt to heterogenous environments. Transcriptional analysis of both fungi during early infection processes provided further insights into the genes and pathways involved in infectivity and specificity. Of particular note, M. acridum transcribed distinct G-protein coupled receptors on cuticles from locusts (the natural hosts) and cockroaches, whereas M. anisopliae transcribed the same receptor on both hosts. This study will facilitate the identification of virulence genes and the development of improved biocontrol strains with customized properties. Aside from playing a crucial role in natural ecosystems, entomopathogenic fungi are being developed as environmentally friendly alternatives for the control of insect pests. We conducted the first genomic study of two of the best characterized entomopathogens, Metarhizium anisopliae and M. acridum. M. anisopliae is a ubiquitous pathogen of >200 insect species and a plant growth promoting colonizer of rhizospheres. M. acridum is a specific pathogen of locusts. Important findings of this study included: 1) Both M. anisopliae and M. acridum have a very large number of genes encoding secreted proteins, and many of these play roles in fungus-insect interactions. 2) M. anisopliae has more genes than M. acridum, which may be associated with adaptation to multiple insect hosts. 3) Unlike M. acridum, the M. anisopliae genome contains many more transposase genes and shows no evidence of repeat-induced point mutations. The lack of repeat-induced mutations may have allowed the lineage-specific gene duplications that have contributed to its adaptability. 4) High-throughput transcriptomics identified the strategies by which these fungi overcome their insect hosts and achieve specificity. These genome sequences will provide the basis for a comprehensive understanding of fungal–plant–insect interactions and will contribute to our understanding of fungal evolution and ecology.
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影响因子：
2.1
作者：
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通讯作者：
Townsend CA
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