Evolutionary Genetics and Admixture in African Populations.
Evolutionary Genetics and Admixture in African Populations.
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DOI：
10.1093/gbe/evad054
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发表时间：
2023-04-06
影响因子：
3.3
通讯作者：
Lachance, Joseph
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Pfennig, Aaron;Petersen, Lindsay N.;Kachambwa, Paidamoyo;Lachance, Joseph
作为我们物种的祖先家园，非洲拥有较高水平的遗传多样性和庞大的人口结构。重要的是，非洲基因组是异质的：它们包含多个祖先的混合物，每个祖先都经历了不同的进化历史。在这篇综述中，我们通过混合的视角来看待群体遗传学，强调多种人口事件如何塑造非洲基因组。这些历史小插曲中的每一个都描绘了一幅人口分化和二次接触的反复出现的画面。首先，我们简要概述了非洲的遗传变异，并研究了非洲内部的深层种群结构，包括来自古老“幽灵”种群的古代基因渗入的证据。其次，我们描述了过去一万年中发生的混合事件的遗传遗产。这包括不同讲卡利语的科桑族群之间的基因流动、畜牧业从东非到南部非洲的逐步传播、讲班图语的人在非洲大陆的多次迁徙，以及从中东和欧洲到萨赫勒地区和北非的混合。此外，在开普半岛和整个非洲侨民中都可以找到最近混合的基因组特征。第三，我们强调自然选择如何塑造整个非洲大陆的遗传变异模式，并指出基因流动提供了适应性变异的有效来源，并且整个非洲的选择压力各不相同。最后，我们探讨了非洲人口结构对健康和疾病的生物医学影响，并呼吁对非洲的遗传变异进行更多符合伦理的研究。
As the ancestral homeland of our species, Africa contains elevated levels of genetic diversity and substantial population structure. Importantly, African genomes are heterogeneous: They contain mixtures of multiple ancestries, each of which have experienced different evolutionary histories. In this review, we view population genetics through the lens of admixture, highlighting how multiple demographic events have shaped African genomes. Each of these historical vignettes paints a recurring picture of population divergence followed by secondary contact. First, we give a brief overview of genetic variation in Africa and examine deep population structure within Africa, including the evidence of ancient introgression from archaic “ghost” populations. Second, we describe the genetic legacies of admixture events that have occurred during the past 10,000 years. This includes gene flow between different click-speaking Khoe-San populations, the stepwise spread of pastoralism from eastern to southern Africa, multiple migrations of Bantu speakers across the continent, as well as admixture from the Middle East and Europe into the Sahel region and North Africa. Furthermore, the genomic signatures of more recent admixture can be found in the Cape Peninsula and throughout the African diaspora. Third, we highlight how natural selection has shaped patterns of genetic variation across the continent, noting that gene flow provides a potent source of adaptive variation and that selective pressures vary across Africa. Finally, we explore the biomedical implications of population structure in Africa on health and disease and call for more ethically conducted studies of genetic variation in Africa.
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