Cardiorespiratory fitness and cognitive function in midlife: neuroprotection or neuroselection?
Cardiorespiratory fitness and cognitive function in midlife: neuroprotection or neuroselection?
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DOI：
10.1002/ana.24356
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发表时间：
2015-04
影响因子：
11.2
通讯作者：
Moffitt, Terrie E.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Belsky, Daniel W.;Caspi, Avshalom;Israel, Salomon;Blumenthal, James A.;Poulton, Richie;Moffitt, Terrie E.
确定身体健康的人在中年时更好的认知功能是否反映了“神经保护”，即健康可以防止与年龄相关的认知下降，或者“神经选择”，即具有更高认知功能的儿童选择更积极的生活方式。达尼丁纵向研究中的儿童（N=1,037）在儿童时期和中年（38岁）时完成了韦氏智力量表和线索制作、雷伊延迟回忆和地面钉板任务。使用次极量运动试验评估成人心肺适能，以估计按体重调整的最大耗氧量，单位为毫升/分钟/千克（VO 2 max）。我们测试了更健康的个体是否比不健康的个体有更好的认知功能（这可能与神经保护一致），以及更好的儿童认知功能是否倾向于更好的成年心肺健康（神经选择）。最后，我们研究了神经选择的可能机制。心肺功能较好的参与者在中年时的认知测试得分较高。然而，与健康相关的认知功能优势在儿童时期就已经存在。在考虑了儿童期在相同认知测试中的基线表现后，心肺功能与中年认知功能之间没有关联。儿童时期的社会经济和健康优势，以及成年后更健康的生活方式，解释了儿童认知功能与成年心肺功能之间的大部分联系。我们没有发现中年人心肺功能有神经保护作用的证据。相反，认知功能更好的孩子选择更健康的生活。健身干预可以增强认知功能。但是，测试身体健康的神经保护作用的观察和实验研究应该考虑神经选择的混淆。
To determine if better cognitive functioning at midlife among more physically fit individuals reflects “neuroprotection,” in which fitness protects against age-related cognitive decline, or “neuroselection,” in which children with higher cognitive functioning select into more active lifestyles. Children in the Dunedin Longitudinal Study (N=1,037) completed the Wechsler Intelligence Scales and the Trail-Making, Rey-Delayed-Recall, and Grooved-Pegboard tasks as children and again at midlife (age-38). Adult cardiorespiratory fitness was assessed using a submaximal exercise test to estimate maximum-oxygen-consumption-adjusted-for-body-weight in milliliters/minute/kilogram (VO2max). We tested if more-fit individuals had better cognitive functioning than their less-fit counterparts (which could be consistent with neuroprotection), and if better childhood cognitive functioning predisposed to better adult cardiorespiratory fitness (neuroselection). Finally, we examined possible mechanisms of neuroselection. Participants with better cardiorespiratory fitness had higher cognitive test scores at midlife. However, fitness-associated advantages in cognitive functioning were present already in childhood. After accounting for childhood-baseline performance on the same cognitive tests, there was no association between cardiorespiratory fitness and midlife cognitive functioning. Socioeconomic and health advantages in childhood, and healthier lifestyles during young adulthood explained most of the association between childhood cognitive functioning and adult cardiorespiratory fitness. We found no evidence for a neuroprotective effect of cardiorespiratory fitness as of midlife. Instead, children with better cognitive functioning are selecting into healthier lives. Fitness interventions may enhance cognitive functioning. But, observational and experimental studies testing neuroprotective effects of physical fitness should consider confounding by neuroselection.
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