Heat purchase agreements could lower barriers to heat pump adoption
Heat purchase agreements could lower barriers to heat pump adoption
复制标题
购热协议可以降低热泵采用的障碍
DOI：
10.1016/j.apenergy.2021.116489
复制
发表时间：
2021
期刊：
影响因子：
11.2
通讯作者：
Zhang, K. Max
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Kircher, Kevin J.;Zhang, K. Max
高效的电热泵具有显著减少加热和冷却建筑物温室气体排放的潜力。然而，热泵的初始成本可能高得令人望而却步，其使用寿命成本只能与现有技术相竞争。在这里，我们展示了一种基于热能购买协议的商业模式可以降低采用热泵的这些障碍。在这种商业模式中，用户拥有一个由聚合器拥有的热泵。集成商以低成本或无初始成本为用户安装热泵。用户从集热器购买热泵的热量或冷却输出。集成商在能源批发市场上购买热泵的输入电力，并在辅助服务市场上出售其总负荷的灵活性。本文提出了热购买协议作为第三方所有权模式的电热泵的第一个经济分析。我们推导出热购买协议对用户和集成商互利的条件。我们还提供了一种方法来公平定价热和冷却。对一个典型美国家庭的案例研究表明，相对于现有的商业模式，供热购买协议可以使热泵投资的价值增加一倍以上。这项工作的潜在影响是通过加速替代化石燃料或低效的加热或冷却设备来直接减少排放，并通过帮助电力系统运营商可靠地整合风能和太阳能发电来间接减少排放。
Efficient electric heat pumps have the potential to significantly reduce greenhouse gas emissions from heating and cooling buildings. However, heat pumps’ initial costs can be prohibitively high and their lifetime costs are only situationally competitive with incumbent technologies. Here we show that a business model based on heat purchase agreements could lower these barriers to heat pump adoption. In this business model, a user hosts a heat pump owned by an aggregator. The aggregator installs the heat pump at low or no initial cost to the user. The user buys the heat pump’s heat or cooling output from the aggregator. The aggregator buys the heat pump’s input electricity in the wholesale energy market and sells the flexibility of their aggregate electrical load in ancillary service markets. This paper presents the first economic analysis of heat purchase agreements as a third-party ownership model for electric heat pumps. We derive conditions under which a heat purchase agreement is mutually beneficial to the user and the aggregator. We also provide a method to fairly price heat and cooling. A case study of a typical United States home shows that a heat purchase agreement could more than double the value of a heat pump investment relative to the incumbent business model. The potential impact of this work is to reduce emissions both directly, by accelerating replacement of fossil-fueled or inefficient heating or cooling equipment, and indirectly, by helping power system operators reliably integrate wind and solar generation.
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影响因子：
12.8
作者：
Cludius, Johanna;Hermann, Hauke;Graichen, Verena
通讯作者：
Graichen, Verena
DOI：
10.1177/0957650912471291
发表时间：
2013
期刊：
Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part A: Journal of Power and Energy
影响因子：
--
作者：
Noam Bergman
通讯作者：
Noam Bergman
东北地区微型分体无管热泵的长期监测
影响因子：
2.7
作者：
K. Ueno;H. Loomis
通讯作者：
H. Loomis
瑞典当地公用事业公司电力、蒸汽和区域供热生产的建模和优化
DOI：
10.1016/j.ejor.2005.06.026
发表时间：
2006
期刊：
Eur. J. Oper. Res.
影响因子：
--
作者：
Dag Henning;S. Amiri;K. Holmgren
通讯作者：
K. Holmgren