Policy Generosity, Employer Heterogeneity, and Women’s Employment Opportunities: The Welfare State Paradox Reexamined
Policy Generosity, Employer Heterogeneity, and Women’s Employment Opportunities: The Welfare State Paradox Reexamined
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政策慷慨、雇主异质性和妇女就业机会：重新审视福利国家悖论
DOI：
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发表时间：
2018
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
Jiwook Jung
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Eunmi Mun;Jiwook Jung
比较家庭政策研究的学者对慷慨家庭政策的潜在负面后果提出了担忧，这个问题被称为“福利国家悖论”。他们怀疑，这样的政策会让雇主不愿雇佣或提拔女性担任高级职位，因为女性比男性更有可能使用这些政策并休假。然而，很少有研究直接测试这种雇主方的机制。在本文中，我们认为，由于雇主的异质性，以及不同的政策干预模式，如基于任务和基于激励的方法，慷慨的家庭政策并不总是导致雇主歧视。我们采用准实验研究设计，根据雇主对家庭政策变化的不同接受程度对其进行分类，比较了日本两次重大家庭政策改革前后，1992年和2005年两次改革前后雇主对女性的招聘和晋升情况。我们使用日本大公司的面板数据进行的分析发现，几乎没有证据表明政策导致了对女性的歧视。相反，我们发现，在政府授权或激励之前自愿提供慷慨休假福利的雇主实际上在法律修改后雇用和提拔了更多的女性，而为回应政府激励而提供慷慨福利的雇主也增加了女性的机会。
Scholars of comparative family policy research have raised concerns about potential negative outcomes of generous family policies, an issue known as the “welfare state paradox.” They suspect that such policies will make employers reluctant to hire or promote women into high-authority jobs, because women are more likely than men to use those policies and take time off. Few studies, however, have directly tested this employer-side mechanism. In this article, we argue that due to employer heterogeneity, as well as different modes of policy intervention such as mandate-based and incentive-based approaches, generous family policies may not always lead to employer discrimination. Adopting a quasi-experimental research design that classifies employers based on their differential receptivity to family policy changes, we compare their hiring and promotion of women before and after two major family policy reforms in Japan, one in 1992 and another in 2005. Our analysis using panel data of large Japanese firms finds little evidence of policy-induced discrimination against women. Instead, we find that employers who voluntarily provided generous leave benefits prior to government mandates or incentives actually hired and promoted more women after the legal changes, and employers who provided generous benefits in response to government incentives also increased opportunities for women.
影响因子：
10.5
作者：
Elwert F;Winship C
通讯作者：
Winship C