Mass loss from inhomogeneous hot star winds III. An effective-opacity formalism for line radiative transfer in accelerating, clumped two-component media, and first results on theory and diagnostics

Mass loss from inhomogeneous hot star winds III. An effective-opacity formalism for line radiative transfer in accelerating, clumped two-component media, and first results on theory and diagnostics
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不均匀热星风的质量损失 III 加速、聚集的双组分介质中线辐射传输的有效不透明形式主义,以及理论和诊断的第一个结果

DOI:
10.1051/0004-6361/201423570
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发表时间:
2014
期刊:
arXiv: Solar and Stellar Astrophysics
影响因子:
--
通讯作者:
Owocki S.P.
Owocki S.P.
中科院分区:
--
文献类型:
--
作者:
Sundqvist J.O;Puls. J;Owocki S.P.

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目的我们提供了一种快速且易于使用的公式来处理加速双组分介质中与光学厚束相关的有效不透明度的降低。方法我们建立并基准了连续介质和线辐射传输的有效不透明度定律,该定律跨越了光学薄团和厚团的界限。然后我们使用这个形式来设计一个简单的方法来模拟和分析热的大质量恒星中的紫外风共振线,以及ii)推导出驱动这类恒星流出的线力的简单修正因子。结果使用贪度修正的索波列夫精确积分(VmSEI)方法,我们表明,对于给定的电离因子,UV共振双重态可以用来解析地预测与速度空间孔隙率(也称为孔隙度)相关的经验推断的质量损失率的向上修正。速度-孔隙度,或涡度)。然而,我们也证明了解的简并性的存在:在给定簇间介质密度的两分量簇风中,总是有两个不同的解产生相同的合成二重线轮廓。我们通过对B和O超巨星中的SiIV和PV的应用证明了这一点,并推导出,对于平均密度的1%的团间密度,根据所选择的两种解决方案中的哪一种,向上的经验质量损失修正因子为~5或~50。总体而言,我们的结果表明,这种解决方案的二分法严重限制了在当前的簇状热恒星风诊断模型中使用UV共振线作为直接质量损失指标的使用。接下来,我们将有效的线不透明度形式主义应用于线驱动风的标准CAK理论。导出了一个简单的卡克线力的涡度修正因子,对于归一化速度填充因子,它简单地标度为α,其中α是卡克线强度分布函数的斜率。通过解析和数值流体力学计算,我们进一步表明,在设定质量损失率的临界点,涡度很重要的情况下,减小的线力将导致更低的理论质量损失,仅为原来的1倍。另一方面,如果涡度仅在该临界点以上很重要,则预测的质量损失不会受到影响,但风终端速度会降低,比例系数为α/(2−2α)。这表明,速度空间中的孔隙率不仅对诊断有重大影响,而且对辐射驱动风的动力学和理论也有重要影响。
AimsWe provide a fast and easy-to-use formalism for treating the reduction in effective opacity associated with optically thick clumps in an accelerating two-component medium.MethodsWe develop and benchmark effective-opacity laws for continuum and line radiative transfer that bridge the limits of optically thin and thick clumps. We then use this formalism to i) design a simple method for modeling and analyzing UV wind resonance lines in hot, massive stars, and ii) derive simple correction factors to the line force driving the outflows of such stars.ResultsUsing a vorosity-modified Sobolev with exact integration (vmSEI) method, we show that, for a given ionization factor, UV resonance doublets may be used to analytically predict the upward corrections in empirically inferred mass-loss rates associated with porosity in velocity space (a.k.a. velocity-porosity, or vorosity). However, we also show the presence of a solution degeneracy: in a two-component clumped wind with given inter-clump medium density, there are always two different solutions producing the same synthetic doublet profile. We demonstrate this by application to SiIV and PV in B and O supergiants and derive, for an inter-clump density set to 1% of the mean density, upward empirical mass-loss corrections of typically factors of either ~5 or ~50, depending on which of the two solutions is chosen. Overall, our results indicate that this solution dichotomy severely limits the use of UV resonance lines as direct mass-loss indicators in current diagnostic models of clumped hot stellar winds. We next apply the effective line-opacity formalism to the standard CAK theory of line-driven winds. A simple vorosity correction factor to the CAK line force is derived, which for normalized velocity filling factorfvelsimply scales asfvelα, whereαis the slope of the CAK line-strength distribution function. By analytic and numerical hydrodynamics calculations, we further show that in cases where vorosity is important at the critical point setting the mass-loss rate, the reduced line force leads to a lower theoretical mass loss, by simply a factorfvel. On the other hand, if vorosity is important only above this critical point, the predicted mass loss is not affected, but the wind terminal speed is reduced, by a factor scaling asfvelα/(2−2α). This shows that porosity in velocity space can have a significant impact not only on the diagnostics, but also on the dynamics and theory of radiatively driven winds.
流体动力学线驱动不稳定性模拟中热大质量恒星内部风的聚集
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