Rodent models for nicotine withdrawal.
Rodent models for nicotine withdrawal.
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DOI：
10.1177/02698811211005629
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发表时间：
2021-10
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
Bruijnzeel AW
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Chellian R;Behnood-Rod A;Bruijnzeel DM;Wilson R;Pandy V;Bruijnzeel AW
动物模型对于提高我们对尼古丁戒断的神经机制的理解至关重要。啮齿类动物的尼古丁依赖性可通过重复尼古丁注射、通过渗透微型泵进行慢性尼古丁输注、口服尼古丁摄入、烟草烟雾暴露、尼古丁蒸汽暴露和电子烟气雾剂暴露来建立。与这些方法相关的尼古丁戒断症状的时间过程尚未在文献中进行综述。本综述的目的是讨论大鼠和小鼠中与尼古丁、烟草烟雾、尼古丁蒸汽和电子烟气溶胶暴露停止相关的尼古丁戒断症状。此外，还回顾了尼古丁戒断症状的年龄和性别差异。停止尼古丁、烟草烟雾、尼古丁蒸汽和电子烟气雾剂暴露导致尼古丁戒断症状，如躯体戒断体征、运动活动变化、焦虑和抑郁样行为、学习和记忆缺陷、注意力缺陷、痛觉过敏和烦躁不安。这些戒断症状在停止尼古丁暴露后的第一周内最为明显。焦虑和抑郁样行为，以及学习和记忆的缺陷可能持续数月。青春期（4-6周龄）大鼠和小鼠的尼古丁戒断症状比成年（> 8周龄）少。在成年大鼠和小鼠中，雌性尼古丁戒断症状比雄性少。戒烟药物安非他酮和伐尼克兰可以减轻啮齿动物的尼古丁戒断症状。在啮齿类动物中观察到的尼古丁戒断症状与在人类中观察到的相似。烟草烟雾和电子烟气雾剂含有化学物质和添加的香料，可以增强尼古丁的增强性能。因此，需要开发更有效的烟草和电子烟使用动物模型，利用烟草烟雾和电子烟气溶胶暴露方法诱导依赖。
Animal models are critical to improve our understanding of the neuronal mechanisms underlying nicotine withdrawal. Nicotine dependence in rodents can be established by repeated nicotine injections, chronic nicotine infusion via osmotic minipumps, oral nicotine intake, tobacco smoke exposure, nicotine vapor exposure, and e-cigarette aerosol exposure. The time course of nicotine withdrawal symptoms associated with these methods has not been reviewed in the literature. The goal of this review is to discuss nicotine withdrawal symptoms associated with the cessation of nicotine, tobacco smoke, nicotine vapor, and e-cigarette aerosol exposure in rats and mice. Furthermore, age and sex differences in nicotine withdrawal symptoms are reviewed. Cessation of nicotine, tobacco smoke, nicotine vapor, and e-cigarette aerosol exposure leads to nicotine withdrawal symptoms such as somatic withdrawal signs, changes in locomotor activity, anxiety- and depressive-like behavior, learning and memory deficits, attention deficits, hyperalgesia, and dysphoria. These withdrawal symptoms are most pronounced within the first week after cessation of nicotine exposure. Anxiety- and depressive-like behavior, and deficits in learning and memory may persist for several months. Adolescent (4–6 weeks old) rats and mice display fewer nicotine withdrawal symptoms than adults (> 8 weeks old). In adult rats and mice, females show fewer nicotine withdrawal symptoms than males. The smoking cessation drugs bupropion and varenicline reduce nicotine withdrawal symptoms in rodents. The nicotine withdrawal symptoms that are observed in rodents are similar to those observed in humans. Tobacco smoke and e-cigarette aerosol contain chemicals and added flavors that enhance the reinforcing properties of nicotine. Therefore, more valid animal models of tobacco and e-cigarette use need to be developed by using tobacco smoke and e-cigarette aerosol exposure methods to induce dependence.
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