Travel writing and Wales
Travel writing and Wales
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旅行写作和威尔士
DOI：
10.1080/13645145.2014.908503
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发表时间：
2014
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
Jones K
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Jones K
1766年，瑞士哲学家让-雅克·卢梭（Jean-Jacques Rousseau）被他的记者圈强烈建议不要前往威尔士旅行。卢梭认为威尔士“完全像”他的祖国瑞士，他热切地希望它将成为他最后的安息之地。然而，Bunbury（1965-1998）在一封信中警告说，在威尔士“雨太多了”，他“除了山脉和野山羊什么也看不到”（273）。卢梭的国际通讯网几乎一致认为，前往“狂野”的威尔士只会给他带来新的痛苦。[1]然而，接下来的十年见证了人们对前往威尔士旅游的意愿的决定性转变，特别是在英国游客中。大多数学者都认为，在18世纪70年代，人们对威尔士的看法发生了变化，从主要是负面的看法，即认为威尔士是一个难以接近的地形和落后的国家，到越来越欣赏其独特的景观和古老的文化。历史学家Prys Morgan（2001年）认为，这一时期构成了“对野生威尔士的刻板印象的最大转变之一，从不文明的敌对形象转变为钦佩”（274）。这十年也见证了托马斯·彭南特（Thomas Pennant）1778年出版的《威尔士之旅》（A Tour in Wales）的第一部分，“也许是对英国人在威尔士旅行态度的最重要的文本影响”（Lichtenwalner 2008，97）。彭南特对威尔士的重新想象“吸引了蓬勃发展的浪漫主义情感”（Lichtenwalner 2008，98）反过来又刺激了更多的威尔士旅行。在18世纪后半叶，“英格兰人对威尔士事物的同情上升到了一个高点”（Morgan 2001，265），威尔士文化成为学术追求的一个受人尊敬的对象。人们对威尔士丰富历史的兴趣日益浓厚，这体现在中世纪威尔士文学的重新发现、广泛出版和翻译成英语上。在伦敦成立的促进威尔士文学和文化的社团进一步提高了它的知名度，古董爱好者的工作激发了前往威尔士的新浪潮。此外，威尔士旅游基础设施的重大改善，如从18世纪末开始修建收费公路和从19世纪30年代开始发展铁路网，促进和加强了人们对威尔士作为受欢迎的旅游目的地的这种较为积极的看法，从而使旅行者人数大幅增加。风景如画的旅游的支持者和寻找崇高的浪漫旅行者能够在青翠和多山的威尔士景观中大饱眼福。19世纪后期的旅行者也开始欣赏工程学的壮举，例如托马斯特尔福德在兰格斯特修建的庞西尔特渡槽和他的梅奈桥，这是通往爱尔兰的长途汽车路线的最高荣誉，连接安格尔西岛和大陆。越来越多的旅行者热衷于利用凯蒂·格拉米奇（Katie Gramich）所说的威尔士的“可访问的他者”（2012，147）。威尔士对旅行者有双重吸引力，因为它与英格兰的距离和熟悉程度。
In 1766, Swiss philosopher Jean-Jacques Rousseau was strongly advised by his circle of correspondents against his yearning to undertake a journey to Wales. Rousseau believed that Wales “entirely resembled” his native Switzerland, and he had fervently hoped that it would become his final resting place. Yet Bunbury (1965–1998), for example, warns in a letter that in Wales “it rains too much”, and he “shall see nothing but mountains and wild goats”(273). In the almost unanimous view of Rousseau’s international network of correspondents, a journey to “wild” Wales could only bring him new suffering. 1 Nevertheless, the following decade witnessed a decisive shift in attitudes regarding the desirability of travel to Wales, particularly amongst British travellers. Most scholars agree that in the 1770s perceptions changed from predominantly negative views of Wales as an inaccessible terrain and backward nation 2 to a growing appreciation of its distinctive landscape and ancient culture. Historian Prys Morgan (2001) argues that this period constituted “one of the greatest shifts in the stereotyping of Wild Wales, away from the hostile image of incivility to one of admiration”(274). This decade also saw the publication of the first part of Thomas Pennant’s A Tour in Wales in 1778,“perhaps the single most important textual influence upon English attitudes toward travel in Wales”(Lichtenwalner 2008, 97). Pennant’s reimagining of Wales in “ways that were alluring to burgeoning Romantic sensibilities”(Lichtenwalner 2008, 98) in turn stimulated further travel to Wales. During the second half of the eighteenth century “English sympathy for things Welsh rose to a high point”(Morgan 2001, 265), as Welsh culture became a respectable object of scholarly pursuit. This growing interest in Wales’s rich history manifested itself in the rediscovery, extensive publication and translation into English of mediaeval Welsh literature. Societies set up in London to promote Welsh literature and culture further enhanced its popularity, and the work of antiquarian enthusiasts inspired new waves of travel to Wales. Moreover, these more positive perceptions of Wales as a favoured travel destination were facilitated and reinforced by major improvements to the country’s travel infrastructure, such as the establishment of turnpike roads from the end of the eighteenth century and the development of the railway network from the 1830s onwards, leading to a significant increase in the number of travellers. Proponents of picturesque tourism and Romantic travellers in search of the sublime were able to feast their eyes on the verdant and mountainous Welsh landscapes. Later nineteenth-century travellers also came to admire feats of engineering, such as Thomas Telford’s Pontcysyllte aqueduct at Llangollen and his Menai Bridge, the crowning glory of the coach route to Ireland, connecting Anglesey to the mainland. Increasing numbers of travellers became keen to take advantage of what Katie Gramich has termed Wales’s “accessible otherness”(2012, 147). Wales held a dual appeal for travellers, due to its proximity and familiarity as England’s
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美丽点、盲点：浪漫威尔士
影响因子：
0.3
作者：
Mary
通讯作者：
Mary
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DOI：
10.1057/9780230355064_10
发表时间：
2012
期刊：
World Literature Written in English
影响因子：
--
作者：
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通讯作者：
K. Gramich
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影响因子：
1
作者：
P. Gruffudd;D. Herbert;Angela Piccini
通讯作者：
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海边：玛丽·摩根 1791 年米尔福德港之旅
DOI：
--
发表时间：
2012
期刊：
影响因子：
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作者：
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通讯作者：
Zoë Kinsley