Multiply robust estimation of causal effects under principal ignorability

Multiply robust estimation of causal effects under principal ignorability
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主可忽略性下因果效应的乘法稳健估计

DOI:
10.1111/rssb.12538
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发表时间:
2022
期刊:
Journal of the Royal Statistical Society: Series B (Statistical Methodology
影响因子:
--
通讯作者:
Ding, Peng
Ding, Peng
中科院分区:
--
文献类型:
--
作者:
Jiang, Zhichao;Yang, Shu;Ding, Peng

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因果推断不仅涉及治疗对结果的平均影响,还涉及通过感兴趣的中间变量的潜在机制。主要分层通过针对主要层内的亚组因果效应来表征这种机制,主要层由中间变量的联合潜在值定义。由于因果推理的基本问题,主要阶层本质上是潜在的,因此很难识别和估计其中的亚组效应。一系列的研究利用了主要的可解释性假设,即潜在的主要层是平均独立的潜在结果条件下观察到的协变量。根据主要的可验证性,我们推导出各种非参数识别公式的因果关系的影响,在观察性研究中,激励估计依赖于正确的规格的不同部分的数据分布。适当地结合这些估计产生三重稳健估计的因果关系的影响,在主要阶层。这些三重稳健估计是一致的,如果两个治疗,中间变量和结果模型被正确指定,而且,他们是局部有效的,如果所有三个模型都被正确指定。我们表明,这些估计自然产生的有效的影响函数的半参数理论或模型辅助估计的调查抽样理论。我们评估不同的估计基于其有限样本的性能,通过模拟和应用它们的两个观察性研究。
Causal inference concerns not only the average effect of the treatment on the outcome but also the underlying mechanism through an intermediate variable of interest. Principal stratification characterizes such a mechanism by targeting subgroup causal effects within principal strata, which are defined by the joint potential values of an intermediate variable. Due to the fundamental problem of causal inference, principal strata are inherently latent, rendering it challenging to identify and estimate subgroup effects within them. A line of research leverages the principal ignorability assumption that the latent principal strata are mean independent of the potential outcomes conditioning on the observed covariates. Under principal ignorability, we derive various nonparametric identification formulas for causal effects within principal strata in observational studies, which motivate estimators relying on the correct specifications of different parts of the observed-data distribution. Appropriately combining these estimators yields triply robust estimators for the causal effects within principal strata. These triply robust estimators are consistent if two of the treatment, intermediate variable and outcome models are correctly specified, and moreover, they are locally efficient if all three models are correctly specified. We show that these estimators arise naturally from either the efficient influence functions in the semiparametric theory or the model-assisted estimators in the survey sampling theory. We evaluate different estimators based on their finite-sample performance through simulation and apply them to two observational studies.
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