Large near-surface block rotations at normal faults of the Iceland rift: Evolution of tectonic caves and dilatancy

Large near-surface block rotations at normal faults of the Iceland rift: Evolution of tectonic caves and dilatancy
复制标题

冰岛裂谷正断层处的大型近地块旋转:构造洞穴和剪胀的演化

DOI:
10.1130/g46158.1
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发表时间:
2019
期刊:
影响因子:
5.8
通讯作者:
Reicherter
Reicherter
中科院分区:
地球科学1区
文献类型:
--
作者:
Kettermann;Weismüller;von Hagke;Reicherter

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冰岛板块边界正断层带的表面斜坡在许多研究中已经描述过,但它们的结构和演化还没有得到很好的理解。我们表明,表面斜坡的表现形式的大型倾斜块体(TB)形成的倾向继电器的正断层。基于现有的建模研究,我们提出了三个类的TB定义的运动学和位置的铰链的TB。TB被认为是形成于地表附近的断层中继构造家族的一员,通常但不限于在具有正交各向异性强度的柱状玄武岩中形成。我们提出了高分辨率的航空器为基础的观测冰岛的一组代表性的正断层,并比较这些几何模型,我们从建模研究。我们预测TB下有广泛的构造洞穴(流体管道)系统,它们与岩浆和地下水流相互作用。一般的断层结构主要是大型的,近垂直的开放裂缝重新激活冷却缝,局部由玄武岩碎石填充。我们建议存在一个混合故障区在更大的深度之前,有效的垂直应力是足够的,在完整的玄武岩开始剪切断裂。
Surface ramps in normal fault zones of the Iceland plate boundary have been described in many studies, but their structure and evolution are not well understood. We show that surface ramps are manifestations of large tilted blocks (TBs) formed in dip relays of normal faults. Based on existing modeling studies, we propose three classes of TBs defined by kinematics and location of the hinge of the TB. TBs are considered a member of the family of fault relay structures that form near the surface, commonly, but not exclusively, in columnar basalts with orthotropic strength. We present high-resolution aerial vehicle–based observations of a representative set of normal faults in Iceland and compare these with geometric models we derived from modeling studies. We predict extensive tectonic cave (fluid conduit) systems under the TB, which interact with magma and groundwater flow. The general fault structure is dominated by large, subvertical open fractures reactivating cooling joints that are locally filled by basalt rubble. We propose the existence of a hybrid failure zone at larger depths before the effective vertical stress is sufficient to initiate shear fractures in intact basalt.
活跃海洋裂谷中的断层和裂隙:冰岛辛格维利尔裂隙群的地表表现、分布和构造-火山相互作用
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