Large near-surface block rotations at normal faults of the Iceland rift: Evolution of tectonic caves and dilatancy
Large near-surface block rotations at normal faults of the Iceland rift: Evolution of tectonic caves and dilatancy
复制标题
冰岛裂谷正断层处的大型近地块旋转:构造洞穴和剪胀的演化
作者:
Kettermann;Weismüller;von Hagke;Reicherter
Surface ramps in normal fault zones of the Iceland plate boundary have been described in many studies, but their structure and evolution are not well understood. We show that surface ramps are manifestations of large tilted blocks (TBs) formed in dip relays of normal faults. Based on existing modeling studies, we propose three classes of TBs defined by kinematics and location of the hinge of the TB. TBs are considered a member of the family of fault relay structures that form near the surface, commonly, but not exclusively, in columnar basalts with orthotropic strength. We present high-resolution aerial vehicle–based observations of a representative set of normal faults in Iceland and compare these with geometric models we derived from modeling studies. We predict extensive tectonic cave (fluid conduit) systems under the TB, which interact with magma and groundwater flow. The general fault structure is dominated by large, subvertical open fractures reactivating cooling joints that are locally filled by basalt rubble. We propose the existence of a hybrid failure zone at larger depths before the effective vertical stress is sufficient to initiate shear fractures in intact basalt.
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DOI:
--
发表时间:
2010
期刊:
影响因子:
--
作者:
L. Sonnette;J. Angelier;T. Villemin;F. Bergerat
通讯作者:
F. Bergerat
DOI:
--
发表时间:
2015
期刊:
影响因子:
--
作者:
M. Kettermann;J. Urai
通讯作者:
J. Urai
影响因子:
2.4
作者:
A. Gudmundsson
通讯作者:
A. Gudmundsson
DOI:
--
发表时间:
1998
期刊:
影响因子:
--
作者:
R. Davis
通讯作者:
R. Davis
影响因子:
4.2
作者:
D. Trippanera;V. Acocella;J. Ruch;B. Abebe
通讯作者:
B. Abebe