Better safe than sorry--socio-spatial group structure emerges from individual variation in fleeing, avoidance or velocity in an agent-based model.
Better safe than sorry--socio-spatial group structure emerges from individual variation in fleeing, avoidance or velocity in an agent-based model.
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DOI：
10.1371/journal.pone.0026189
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发表时间：
2011
期刊：
影响因子：
3.7
通讯作者：
Sterck EH
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Evers E;de Vries H;Spruijt BM;Sterck EH
在群居动物中，例如灵长类动物，平均空间群体结构通常反映了统治等级，即中央统治者和外围从属者。这种中心-外围群体结构可以通过自组织而产生，是下属在战斗失败后逃离统治者的结果。然而，在真正的灵长类动物中，下属通常会避免与具有潜在攻击性的群体成员互动，从而防止攻击和随后的逃跑。使用基于主体的建模，我们研究了与仅包括战败后逃跑的模型（逃跑模型）相比，当下属在远处躲避已知的潜在攻击者时会出现哪些空间和遭遇结构。大多数情况下都会出现中枢-外围组结构。当在短距离或中等距离处采用回避时，主导者的中心性出现与逃跑模型类似，但以更明显的方式出现。在与统治等级无关的战斗后逃跑时，也发现了这个结果，即随机发生。在较远的距离处采用回避措施会产生更分散的群体。这为更具攻击性的物种中更大的群体传播提供了可能的解释。由于回避距离很远，空间和社会上不同的亚群出现了。我们还调查了小组成员之间的遭遇如何分布。在逃跑模型中，所有个体遇到所有群体成员的频率相同，而在回避模型中，遭遇主要发生在排名相似的个体之间。最后，我们还确定了一种非常普遍且简单的机制，导致了中心-外围群体结构：当个体仅在速度上不同时，速度更快的个体自动结束于外围。总之，中枢-外周群体模式可以很容易地从一般不同运动特性的个体差异中出现，例如逃跑、回避或速度。此外，回避行为也会影响遭遇结构并可能导致小组形成。
In group-living animals, such as primates, the average spatial group structure often reflects the dominance hierarchy, with central dominants and peripheral subordinates. This central-peripheral group structure can arise by self-organization as a result of subordinates fleeing from dominants after losing a fight. However, in real primates, subordinates often avoid interactions with potentially aggressive group members, thereby preventing aggression and subsequent fleeing. Using agent-based modeling, we investigated which spatial and encounter structures emerge when subordinates also avoid known potential aggressors at a distance as compared with the model which only included fleeing after losing a fight (fleeing model). A central-peripheral group structure emerged in most conditions. When avoidance was employed at small or intermediate distances, centrality of dominants emerged similar to the fleeing model, but in a more pronounced way. This result was also found when fleeing after a fight was made independent of dominance rank, i.e. occurred randomly. Employing avoidance at larger distances yielded more spread out groups. This provides a possible explanation of larger group spread in more aggressive species. With avoidance at very large distances, spatially and socially distinct subgroups emerged. We also investigated how encounters were distributed amongst group members. In the fleeing model all individuals encountered all group members equally often, whereas in the avoidance model encounters occurred mostly among similar-ranking individuals. Finally, we also identified a very general and simple mechanism causing a central-peripheral group structure: when individuals merely differed in velocity, faster individuals automatically ended up at the periphery. In summary, a central-peripheral group pattern can easily emerge from individual variation in different movement properties in general, such as fleeing, avoidance or velocity. Moreover, avoidance behavior also affects the encounter structure and can lead to subgroup formation.
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