A veil of ignorance can promote fairness in a mammal society.

A veil of ignorance can promote fairness in a mammal society.
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无知之幕可以促进哺乳动物社会的公平。

DOI:
10.1038/s41467-021-23910-6
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发表时间:
2021-06-23
影响因子:
16.6
通讯作者:
Cant MA
Cant MA
中科院分区:
综合性期刊1区
文献类型:
--
作者:
Marshall HH;Johnstone RA;Thompson FJ;Nichols HJ;Wells D;Hoffman JI;Kalema-Zikusoka G;Sanderson JL;Vitikainen EIK;Blount JD;Cant MA

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罗尔斯认为,人类社会的公平是可以实现的,如果关于社会回报分配的决定是在无知的面纱后面做出的,这掩盖了由此产生的个人收益。在动物社会中,无知是否促进了公平,也就是说,资源的分配是否减少了不平等,这是未知的。在这里,我们的实验表明,合作繁殖带猫鼬,从背后的无知的面纱在亲属关系,分配产后护理的方式,减少后代之间的不平等,在罗尔斯合作模型预测的方式。在这个社会中,同步繁殖使群体中的成年人不知道他们共同的年轻人的个体出身。我们在怀孕期间为每个猫鼬组中的一半母亲提供食物,留下另一半作为匹配的对照,从而增加了母亲之间的不平等,并增加了公共窝仔中后代出生体重的变化量。出生后,有食物的母亲会为没有食物的母亲的后代提供额外的照顾,而不是自己的孩子,这加剧了后代之间最初的大小不平等,并使他们的存活率达到成年。我们的研究结果表明,道德哲学的经典思想也适用于生物系统中合作的进化。从理论上讲,掩盖个人对个人利益的了解可以维护合作群体中的公平。实验表明,野生的,合作繁殖的带状猫鼬不确定的亲属关系分配产后护理的方式,减少后代之间的不平等,这表明道德哲学的经典思想可以应用于生物系统。
Rawls argued that fairness in human societies can be achieved if decisions about the distribution of societal rewards are made from behind a veil of ignorance, which obscures the personal gains that result. Whether ignorance promotes fairness in animal societies, that is, the distribution of resources to reduce inequality, is unknown. Here we show experimentally that cooperatively breeding banded mongooses, acting from behind a veil of ignorance over kinship, allocate postnatal care in a way that reduces inequality among offspring, in the manner predicted by a Rawlsian model of cooperation. In this society synchronized reproduction leaves adults in a group ignorant of the individual parentage of their communal young. We provisioned half of the mothers in each mongoose group during pregnancy, leaving the other half as matched controls, thus increasing inequality among mothers and increasing the amount of variation in offspring birth weight in communal litters. After birth, fed mothers provided extra care to the offspring of unfed mothers, not their own young, which levelled up initial size inequalities among the offspring and equalized their survival to adulthood. Our findings suggest that a classic idea of moral philosophy also applies to the evolution of cooperation in biological systems. Obscuring knowledge of personal gains from individuals can theoretically maintain fairness in a cooperative group. Experiments show that wild, cooperatively breeding banded mongooses uncertain of kinship allocate postnatal care in a way that reduces inequality among offspring, suggesting a classic idea of moral philosophy can apply in biological systems.
DOI: 10.1016/s0022-5193(05)80155-9
发表时间: 1991-12-21
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