The role of turbulent fluctuations in aerosol activation and cloud formation

The role of turbulent fluctuations in aerosol activation and cloud formation
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湍流波动在气溶胶活化和云形成中的作用

DOI:
10.1073/pnas.2006426117
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发表时间:
2020
期刊:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
影响因子:
--
通讯作者:
Shaw, Raymond A.
Shaw, Raymond A.
中科院分区:
--
文献类型:
--
作者:
Prabhakaran, Prasanth;Shawon, Abu Sayeed Md;Kinney, Gregory;Thomas, Subin;Cantrell, Will;Shaw, Raymond A.

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气溶胶间接效应是影响云辐射特性的主要因素之一。当环境相对湿度(饱和比)超过一个临界值时,气溶胶颗粒变成云滴,这个临界值取决于颗粒的大小和化学成分。在这个问题的传统公式中,只考虑平均、均匀的饱和比。使用实验和理论,我们研究的波动的影响,产生的湍流。我们的测量,从一个多相的,湍流云室,显示了一个明确的过渡,从一个政权,其中平均饱和比占主导地位的波动决定云的属性。实验室测量表明云的形成是在平均亚饱和条件下(即,相对湿度<100%)。开发的理论框架来解释这些测量预测从平均值的过渡到波动为主的制度,根据相对值的平均值和标准偏差的环境饱和比和临界饱和比在气溶胶颗粒激活或成为液滴。该理论类似于随机凝结的概念,可以在大气的背景下使用,以探索液滴激活由波动驱动的条件,而不是平均过饱和度。它提供了一个基础,未来发展的云滴激活参数化,超越了内部均匀的包裹计算,已在过去使用。
Aerosol indirect effects are one of the leading contributors to cloud radiative properties relevant to climate. Aerosol particles become cloud droplets when the ambient relative humidity (saturation ratio) exceeds a critical value, which depends on the particle size and chemical composition. In the traditional formulation of this problem, only average, uniform saturation ratios are considered. Using experiments and theory, we examine the effects of fluctuations, produced by turbulence. Our measurements, from a multiphase, turbulent cloud chamber, show a clear transition from a regime in which the mean saturation ratio dominates to one in which the fluctuations determine cloud properties. The laboratory measurements demonstrate cloud formation in mean-subsaturated conditions (i.e., relative humidity <100%) in the fluctuation-dominant activation regime. The theoretical framework developed to interpret these measurements predicts a transition from a mean- to a fluctuation-dominated regime, based on the relative values of the mean and standard deviation of the environmental saturation ratio and the critical saturation ratio at which aerosol particles activate or become droplets. The theory is similar to the concept of stochastic condensation and can be used in the context of the atmosphere to explore the conditions under which droplet activation is driven by fluctuations as opposed to mean supersaturation. It provides a basis for future development of cloud droplet activation parameterizations that go beyond the internally homogeneous parcel calculations that have been used in the past.
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