Emerging role of neuronal exosomes in the central nervous system.
Emerging role of neuronal exosomes in the central nervous system.
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DOI：
10.3389/fphys.2012.00145
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发表时间：
2012
影响因子：
4
通讯作者：
Sadoul R
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Chivet M;Hemming F;Pernet-Gallay K;Fraboulet S;Sadoul R
外泌体是一种小型细胞外囊泡，它源自内体与细胞膜融合，并且能够被受体细胞重新摄取。它们含有脂质、蛋白质和RNA，能够改变受体细胞的生理机能。大脑的功能依赖于神经细胞之间的细胞间通讯。这些通讯能够调节特定突触的稀疏群组的反应强度，从而调节与联想和记忆相关的神经回路。随后必须有新基因的表达来稳定突触反应的长期改变。到目前为止，一个神经元驱动另一个神经元的突触生理局部变化是通过经典的信号转导来调节转录、翻译和翻译后修饰来解释的。现在体外实验证据表明，外泌体由神经元以一种依赖于突触活动的方式释放；这些外泌体能够被其他神经元重新摄取，这提示了一种神经元间通讯的新方式。外泌体所允许的神经元间生化信息传递的效率将远远优于直接的细胞间接触或分泌的可溶性因子。实际上，由释放神经元分泌的外泌体中所含的脂质、蛋白质和RNA能够直接改变受体细胞中的信号转导和蛋白质表达。因此，外泌体可能代表了一种理想的神经元间信息传递机制，允许跨突触的顺行和逆行信号传递，这对于可塑性是必要的。它们可能还允许像朊病毒蛋白（PrPsc）、淀粉样前体蛋白（APP）片段、磷酸化的 Tau蛋白或α - 突触核蛋白等病理蛋白质在神经系统中扩散。
Exosomes are small extracellular vesicles, which stem from endosomes fusing with the plasma membrane, and can be recaptured by receiving cells. They contain lipids, proteins, and RNAs able to modify the physiology of receiving cells. Functioning of the brain relies on intercellular communication between neural cells. These communications can modulate the strength of responses at sparse groups of specific synapses, to modulate circuits underlying associations and memory. Expression of new genes must then follow to stabilize the long-term modifications of the synaptic response. Local changes of the physiology of synapses from one neuron driven by another, have so far been explained by classical signal transduction to modulate transcription, translation, and posttranslational modifications. In vitro evidence now demonstrates that exosomes are released by neurons in a way depending on synaptic activity; these exosomes can be retaken by other neurons suggesting a novel way for inter-neuronal communication. The efficacy of inter-neuronal transfer of biochemical information allowed by exosomes would be far superior to that of direct cell-to-cell contacts or secreted soluble factors. Indeed, lipids, proteins, and RNAs contained in exosomes secreted by emitting neurons could directly modify signal transduction and protein expression in receiving cells. Exosomes could thus represent an ideal mechanism for inter-neuronal transfer of information allowing anterograde and retrograde signaling across synapses necessary for plasticity. They might also allow spreading across the nervous system of pathological proteins like PrPsc, APP fragments, phosphorylated Tau, or Alpha-synuclein.
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影响因子：
3.5
作者：
Laulagnier, K;Grand, D;Record, M
通讯作者：
Record, M
影响因子：
5.3
作者：
Cooney, JR;Hurlburt, JL;Fiala, JC
通讯作者：
Fiala, JC
影响因子：
16.2
作者：
Ehlers, MD
通讯作者：
Ehlers, MD
DOI：
10.1073/pnas.0308413101
发表时间：
2004-06-29
影响因子：
11.1
作者：
Fevrier, B;Vilette, D;Raposo, G
通讯作者：
Raposo, G
影响因子：
4
作者：
Fitzner, Dirk;Schnaars, Mareike;Simons, Mikael
通讯作者：
Simons, Mikael