Genetics and intelligence differences: five special findings.
Genetics and intelligence differences: five special findings.
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DOI：
10.1038/mp.2014.105
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发表时间：
2015-02
影响因子：
11
通讯作者：
Deary, I. J.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Plomin, R.;Deary, I. J.
智力是差异心理学和行为遗传学的核心概念，认知神经科学也应该如此。它是对教育、职业、身心健康和疾病以及死亡率等重要生活结果的最佳预测指标之一。智力是最可遗传的行为特征之一。在这里，我们重点介绍了五个特殊于智力差异的基因发现，这些发现对其基因结构和基因搜索探险具有重要影响。(I)智力的遗传力从婴儿期的20%左右增加到成年后的80%左右。(Ii)智力捕获了对不同认知和学习能力的遗传效应，这些效应的表型相关平均约为0.30，但遗传相关约为0.60或更高。(3)分类交配对智力(配偶相关性~0.40)的影响大于对人格和精神病理等其他行为特征(~0.10)或身高和体重等生理特征(~0.20)的影响。配对交配每一代都会向种群注入加性遗传方差，导致智力的高狭义遗传力(加性遗传方差)。(4)与精神障碍不同，智力的正常分布具有特殊表现的积极结局，这是“积极遗传学”的典范。(V)智力与教育和社会阶层有关，并扩大了关于这三个相互关联的变量如何有助于社会流动性以及健康、疾病和死亡率差异的因果视角。这五个发现主要来自双胞胎研究。一个世纪以来的第一项新的定量遗传技术--基因组复杂性状分析(GCTA)--证实了这一点。GCTA使用全基因组的基因类型来估计大样本中无关个体的遗传影响。将GCTA的结果与双胞胎研究的结果进行比较，可以发现对智力遗传结构的重要见解，这与缩小“缺失遗传性”差距的尝试有关。
Intelligence is a core construct in differential psychology and behavioural genetics, and should be so in cognitive neuroscience. It is one of the best predictors of important life outcomes such as education, occupation, mental and physical health and illness, and mortality. Intelligence is one of the most heritable behavioural traits. Here, we highlight five genetic findings that are special to intelligence differences and that have important implications for its genetic architecture and for gene-hunting expeditions. (i) The heritability of intelligence increases from about 20% in infancy to perhaps 80% in later adulthood. (ii) Intelligence captures genetic effects on diverse cognitive and learning abilities, which correlate phenotypically about 0.30 on average but correlate genetically about 0.60 or higher. (iii) Assortative mating is greater for intelligence (spouse correlations ~0.40) than for other behavioural traits such as personality and psychopathology (~0.10) or physical traits such as height and weight (~0.20). Assortative mating pumps additive genetic variance into the population every generation, contributing to the high narrow heritability (additive genetic variance) of intelligence. (iv) Unlike psychiatric disorders, intelligence is normally distributed with a positive end of exceptional performance that is a model for ‘positive genetics'. (v) Intelligence is associated with education and social class and broadens the causal perspectives on how these three inter-correlated variables contribute to social mobility, and health, illness and mortality differences. These five findings arose primarily from twin studies. They are being confirmed by the first new quantitative genetic technique in a century—Genome-wide Complex Trait Analysis (GCTA)—which estimates genetic influence using genome-wide genotypes in large samples of unrelated individuals. Comparing GCTA results to the results of twin studies reveals important insights into the genetic architecture of intelligence that are relevant to attempts to narrow the ‘missing heritability' gap.
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影响因子：
64.8
作者：
Deary, Ian J.;Yang, Jian;Visscher, Peter M.
通讯作者：
Visscher, Peter M.
影响因子：
3
作者：
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影响因子：
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通讯作者：
Visscher, P. M.
影响因子：
3
作者：
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通讯作者：
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影响因子：
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作者：
Deary, Ian J.;Strand, Steve;Fernandes, Cres
通讯作者：
Fernandes, Cres