Particle interactions and their effect on magnetic particle spectroscopy and imaging.
Particle interactions and their effect on magnetic particle spectroscopy and imaging.
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信号稳定性对于磁粒子成像 (MPI) 的准确诊断至关重要。然而，MPI 示踪剂纳米颗粒在体内应用过程中经常发生团聚，导致颗粒相互作用改变信号。在这里，我们研究了这种磁耦合现象对 MPI 信号的影响。我们通过火焰喷射合成法制备了Zn0.4Fe2.6O4纳米粒子，并通过改变SiO2涂层厚度来控制其粒子间距离。二氧化硅壳影响磁性，表明颗粒间距离越小，颗粒相互作用越强。 SiO2 涂层的 Zn0.4Fe2.6O4 在磁粉光谱 (MPS) 中的信号/噪声方面优于裸样品，然而，壳厚度本身对 MPS 信号的影响微弱。为了更详细地研究磁耦合效应的重要性，我们将裸露和 SiO2 涂层的 Zn 铁氧体的 MPS 信号与市售的 PVP 涂层的 Fe3O4 纳米粒子在水和 PBS 中的 MPS 信号进行了基准测试。众所周知，PBS 会破坏模拟体内类似团聚的纳米颗粒胶体的稳定性。裸露和涂层锌铁氧体尽管在 PBS 中发生团聚，但仍表现出优异的信号稳定性。我们将此归因于它们在火焰合成过程中形成的过程固有的聚集形态，该形态产生的 MPS 信号几乎不受 PBS 的影响。另一方面，与水相比，商用 PVP 涂层 Fe3O4 在 PBS 中的 MPS 信号大幅下降，表明颗粒相互作用发生了强烈变化。在人类细胞模型中进一步研究了这种效应的相关性。对于 PVP 涂层的 Fe3O4，我们发现从 MPS 信号获得的颗粒浓度与通过 ICP-MS 测定的实际浓度之间存在很大差异。在 MPI 分析中也观察到了相同的趋势；虽然 SiO2 涂层的铁酸锌可以在水和 PBS 中精确定位，但 PVP 涂层的 Fe3O4 在 PBS 中根本无法检测到。这极大地限制了这些用于 MPI 的商业示踪剂的灵敏度和一般适用性，并说明了我们的火焰制造的锌铁氧体在信号稳定性和最终诊断准确性方面的优势。分析了粒子相互作用对磁粒子成像 (MPI) 和光谱学信号稳定性的影响。我们证明，我们的预聚合火焰纳米颗粒的性能优于商业团聚 MPI 示踪剂。
Signal stability is crucial for an accurate diagnosis via magnetic particle imaging (MPI). However, MPI-tracer nanoparticles frequently agglomerate during their in vivo applications leading to particle interactions altering the signal. Here, we investigate the influence of such magnetic coupling phenomena on the MPI signal. We prepared Zn0.4Fe2.6O4 nanoparticles by flame spray synthesis and controlled their inter-particle distance by varying SiO2 coating thickness. The silica shell affected the magnetic properties indicating stronger particle interactions for a smaller inter-particle distance. The SiO2-coated Zn0.4Fe2.6O4 outperformed the bare sample in magnetic particle spectroscopy (MPS) in terms of signal/noise, however, the shell thickness itself only weakly influenced the MPS signal. To investigate the importance of magnetic coupling effects in more detail, we benchmarked the MPS signal of the bare and SiO2-coated Zn-ferrites against commercially available PVP-coated Fe3O4 nanoparticles in water and PBS. PBS is known to destabilize nanoparticle colloids mimicking in vivo-like agglomeration. The bare and coated Zn-ferrites showed excellent signal stability, despite their agglomeration in PBS. We attribute this to their process-intrinsic aggregated morphology formed during their flame-synthesis, which generates an MPS signal only little affected by PBS. On the other hand, the MPS signal of commercial PVP-coated Fe3O4 strongly decreased in PBS compared to water, indicating strongly changed particle interactions. The relevance of this effect was further investigated in a human cell model. For PVP-coated Fe3O4, we detected a strong discrepancy between the particle concentration obtained from the MPS signal and the actual concentration determined via ICP-MS. The same trend was observed during their MPI analysis; while SiO2-coated Zn-ferrites could be precisely located in water and PBS, PVP-coated Fe3O4 could not be detected in PBS at all. This drastically limits the sensitivity and also general applicability of these commercial tracers for MPI and illustrates the advantages of our flame-made Zn-ferrites concerning signal stability and ultimately diagnostic accuracy. The effect of particle interactions on the signal stability of magnetic particle imaging (MPI) and spectroscopy is analyzed. We show that our pre-aggregated flame-made nanoparticles outperform a commercial agglomerating MPI tracer.
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