Catastrophic valley fills record large Himalayan earthquakes, Pokhara, Nepal

Catastrophic valley fills record large Himalayan earthquakes, Pokhara, Nepal
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尼泊尔博卡拉灾难性山谷充满了喜马拉雅山创纪录的大地震

DOI:
10.1016/j.quascirev.2017.10.015
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发表时间:
2017
影响因子:
4
通讯作者:
Adhikari
Adhikari
中科院分区:
地球科学1区
文献类型:
--
作者:
Stolle;Bernhardt;Schwanghart;Hoelzmann;Adhikari

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过去特大地震发生的时间和震级不确定,继续困扰着喜马拉雅地区的地震风险评估。地表破裂的痕迹很少,而断层沟最多记录了几次事件,因此需要额外的强地面运动代理来补充古地震记录。我们研究了尼泊尔的博卡拉盆地,它拥有喜马拉雅山最大和最广泛的地震触发山谷填充档案。这些沉积物形成了一个148平方公里的扇形体,从安纳普尔纳山陡峭的塞蒂科拉峡谷中流出,侵入并堵塞了15个支流山谷,数十米的碎片,并蓄水了几个湖泊。近12个新的放射性碳年龄证实,在公元700年至1700年之间,该扇至少发生了三次灾难性的沉积,与公元1100年、1255年和1344年的大地震相吻合,并形成了博卡拉组,形成了大约>5 km3的碎片。我们提供了第一个系统的沉积学研究,揭示了四个岩相特征的厚序列中扇河流砾岩,泥石流床,扇缘静水沉积。新的地球化学物源分析表明,这些上游倾斜沉积物的高喜马拉雅起源包含当地派生的河流碎屑,标志着至少三个主要的沉积物脉冲之间的时间间隔,掩埋不同部分的风扇透镜。14C数据在整个扇的空间分布和物源数据是区分这些单个沉积物脉冲的关键,因为这些仅从它们的沉积学来看是不明显的。我们的研究展示了灾难性山谷填充的地貌和沉积证据如何有助于独立验证和增强喜马拉雅大地震的古地震断层沟记录,同时提供了对主要流域长期地貌影响的无与伦比的见解。
Uncertain timing and magnitudes of past mega-earthquakes continue to confound seismic risk appraisals in the Himalayas. Telltale traces of surface ruptures are rare, while fault trenches document several events at best, so that additional proxies of strong ground motion are needed to complement the paleoseismological record. We study Nepal's Pokhara basin, which has the largest and most extensively dated archive of earthquake-triggered valley fills in the Himalayas. These sediments form a 148-km2fan that issues from the steep Seti Khola gorge in the Annapurna Massif, invading and plugging 15 tributary valleys with tens of meters of debris, and impounding several lakes. Nearly a dozen new radiocarbon ages corroborate at least three episodes of catastrophic sedimentation on the fan between ∼700 and ∼1700 AD, coinciding with great earthquakes in ∼1100, 1255, and 1344 AD, and emplacing roughly >5 km3of debris that forms the Pokhara Formation. We offer a first systematic sedimentological study of this formation, revealing four lithofacies characterized by thick sequences of mid-fan fluvial conglomerates, debris-flow beds, and fan-marginal slackwater deposits. New geochemical provenance analyses reveal that these upstream dipping deposits of Higher Himalayan origin contain lenses of locally derived river clasts that mark time gaps between at least three major sediment pulses that buried different parts of the fan. The spatial pattern of14C dates across the fan and the provenance data are key to distinguishing these individual sediment pulses, as these are not evident from their sedimentology alone. Our study demonstrates how geomorphic and sedimentary evidence of catastrophic valley infill can help to independently verify and augment paleoseismological fault-trench records of great Himalayan earthquakes, while offering unparalleled insights into their long-term geomorphic impacts on major drainage basins.
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