Characteristic Metabolism of Free Amino Acids in Cetacean Plasma: Cluster Analysis and Comparison with Mice
Characteristic Metabolism of Free Amino Acids in Cetacean Plasma: Cluster Analysis and Comparison with Mice
复制标题
鲸类血浆中游离氨基酸的特征代谢：聚类分析及与小鼠的比较
作者：
Kazuki Miyaji;K. Nagao;M. Bannai;H. Asakawa;K. Kohyama;Dai Ohtsu;F. Terasawa;S. Ito;H. Iwao;Nobuyo Ohtani;Mitsuaki Ohta
从进化的角度来看，鲸类的祖先首先生活在陆地环境中，然后才适应水生环境。尽管对水生环境的解剖学和形态学适应已经有了很好的研究，但很少有研究关注生理变化。我们专注于血浆氨基酸浓度（氨基酸图），因为它们在各种生理条件下显示出不同的模式。血浆和尿液的氨基图，获得了海豚，太平洋白边海豚，里索海豚，伪虎鲸和C57 BL/6 J和ICR小鼠。层次聚类分析揭示了不同物种之间的氨基酸关系，这可以帮助我们理解复杂的相互关系，包括代谢适应。鲸目动物的氨基酸谱形成了一个明显区别于小鼠的簇，表明鲸目动物和陆地哺乳动物具有完全不同的氨基酸代谢机制。肌肽和3-甲基组氨酸的水平，这两者都是抗氧化剂，在鲸目动物中要高得多。鲸类动物的尿素显著升高，而尿素循环相关氨基酸的水平较低。由于潜水哺乳动物必须科普由于呼吸暂停/再氧合和缺血-再灌注过程的改变而产生的高速率的活性氧，因此高浓度的抗氧化氨基酸是有利的。此外，改变尿素循环的设定点可能是在高渗海水环境中用于身体水分保护的适应，因为尿素作为主要的血液渗透剂起作用。此外，由于海豚被饲养在许多水族馆进行观察，这些氨基图的评估可能提供有用的诊断指标，在未来的人工环境中的鲸类动物的健康评估。
From an evolutionary perspective, the ancestors of cetaceans first lived in terrestrial environments prior to adapting to aquatic environments. Whereas anatomical and morphological adaptations to aquatic environments have been well studied, few studies have focused on physiological changes. We focused on plasma amino acid concentrations (aminograms) since they show distinct patterns under various physiological conditions. Plasma and urine aminograms were obtained from bottlenose dolphins, pacific white-sided dolphins, Risso's dolphins, false-killer whales and C57BL/6J and ICR mice. Hierarchical cluster analyses were employed to uncover a multitude of amino acid relationships among different species, which can help us understand the complex interrelations comprising metabolic adaptations. The cetacean aminograms formed a cluster that was markedly distinguishable from the mouse cluster, indicating that cetaceans and terrestrial mammals have quite different metabolic machinery for amino acids. Levels of carnosine and 3-methylhistidine, both of which are antioxidants, were substantially higher in cetaceans. Urea was markedly elevated in cetaceans, whereas the level of urea cycle-related amino acids was lower. Because diving mammals must cope with high rates of reactive oxygen species generation due to alterations in apnea/reoxygenation and ischemia-reperfusion processes, high concentrations of antioxidative amino acids are advantageous. Moreover, shifting the set point of urea cycle may be an adaption used for body water conservation in the hyperosmotic sea water environment, because urea functions as a major blood osmolyte. Furthermore, since dolphins are kept in many aquariums for observation, the evaluation of these aminograms may provide useful diagnostic indices for the assessment of cetacean health in artificial environments in the future.
DOI：
10.1073/pnas.85.9.3175
发表时间：
1988-05-01
影响因子：
11.1
作者：
KOHEN, R;YAMAMOTO, Y;AMES, BN
通讯作者：
AMES, BN