Effects of parental care on the accumulation and release of cryptic genetic variation: review of mechanisms and a case study of dung beetles
Effects of parental care on the accumulation and release of cryptic genetic variation: review of mechanisms and a case study of dung beetles
复制标题
父母照顾对隐性遗传变异积累和释放的影响：机制回顾和粪甲虫案例研究
作者：
Emilie C. Snell‐Rood;Melissa K. Burger;Quinton Hutton;A. Moczek
隐性遗传变异在疾病的发生和对环境变化的进化反应中起着重要作用。针对父母的照顾行为，我们讨论了三种机制，通过这些机制，行为可以影响隐藏的遗传变异的积累和释放。我们说明了这些假设可能会被测试的初步数据Onthophagus蜣螂，提供间接的父母照顾他们的后代提供粪便和庇护地下。环境压力假说指出，父母的照顾减少选择强度的新突变时，增加父母的照顾结果在一个压力较小的后代环境。最近的文献综述，加上辐射实验在甲虫，表明这种机制可能会在某些情况下运作，但取决于所考虑的突变类型。宽松选择假说指出，在低护理环境中表达的基因应该受到弱选择，因为它们的表型表现不太频繁地暴露于选择，因此易于突变积累。如果亲本照料减少，例如由于群体范围的环境变化，这种隐性变异可能会产生表型效应，从而暴露于选择。有大量的理论支持这一假设，而不同的甲虫种群之间的比较，在父母的照顾行为进一步支持这一想法。最后，补偿假说指出，有直接父母照顾的生物体可能能够对后代的暗示或信号做出反应，并补偿遗传变异。我们强调这一假说的广泛讨论，在人类的医疗保健和遗传负荷，并探讨无脊椎动物系统，可能构成强大的模型，进一步调查。总之，存在几种机制，通过这些机制，护理行为可能会塑造隐藏的遗传变异的积累和释放，从而影响疾病的潜在出现以及对新环境的进化反应的速度和方向。
Cryptic genetic variation plays an important role in the emergence of disease and evolutionary responses to environmental change. Focusing on parental care behavior, we discuss three mechanisms by which behavior can affect the accumulation and release of cryptic genetic variation. We illustrate how these hypotheses might be tested with preliminary data from Onthophagus dung beetles, which provide indirect parental care by provisioning their offspring with dung and sheltering them underground. The environmental stress hypothesis states that parental care reduces selection intensity on novel mutations when increased parental care results in a less stressful offspring environment. A review of recent literature, coupled with an irradiation experiment in beetles, suggests this mechanism may operate in some situations, but depends on the types of mutations under consideration. The relaxed selection hypothesis states that genes expressed in low care environments should be under weakened selection because their phenotypic manifestations are exposed to selection less frequently, and thus are prone to mutation accumulation. If parental care is reduced, for instance due to population-wide environmental changes, such cryptic variation may exert phenotypic effects, becoming exposed to selection. There is substantial theory in support of this hypothesis, and comparisons between beetle populations that differ in parental care behavior further support this idea. Finally, the compensation hypothesis states that organisms with direct parental care may be able to respond to cues or signals from offspring and compensate for genetic variants. We highlight the extensive discussion of this hypothesis with respect to medical care and genetic load in humans and explore invertebrate systems that may constitute powerful models for further inquiry. In summary, several mechanisms exist by which care behavior may shape the accumulation and release of cryptic genetic variation, thereby affecting the potential emergence of diseases and the rate and direction of evolutionary responses to novel environments.
影响因子：
16.8
作者：
Hodgins-Davis A;Townsend JP
通讯作者：
Townsend JP
父母照顾的演变
DOI：
10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199692576.003.0016
发表时间：
2012
期刊：
--
影响因子：
--
作者：
Kölliker M
通讯作者：
Kölliker M
DOI：
10.1073/pnas.96.18.10242
发表时间：
1999-08-31
影响因子：
11.1
作者：
Laland, KN;Odling-Smee, FJ;Feldman, MW
通讯作者：
Feldman, MW