Host-multiparasite interactions in amphibians: a review.
Host-multiparasite interactions in amphibians: a review.
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DOI：
10.1186/s13071-021-04796-1
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发表时间：
2021-06-03
影响因子：
3.2
通讯作者：
Hettyey A
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Herczeg D;Ujszegi J;Kásler A;Holly D;Hettyey A
寄生虫，包括病毒、细菌、真菌、原生生物、蠕虫和节肢动物，在动物界无处不在。因此，宿主经常同时感染一种以上的寄生虫。对这种合并感染的评估对疾病生态学至关重要，但涉及非驯养动物的相关研究仍然很少。许多两栖动物正在减少，它们通常有高度多样化的寄生动物群。在此，我们回顾了关于两栖动物共感染的实地调查、兽医案例研究和实验室实验的文献报道，并总结了寄生虫在宿主内相互作用的已知情况，哪些环境和内在因素影响这些相互作用的结果，以及共感染对宿主的影响。现有的文献是零零碎碎的，而且模式是高度多样化的，因此很难确定适合大多数两栖动物宿主-多寄生虫系统的一般趋势。目前已知几种不同寄生虫间的加性、拮抗、中性和协同效应，但尚不清楚某些高等分类群的成员是否通常会胜过并凌驾于其他物种的影响之上。在许多情况下，不同寄生虫的到达顺序和接触之间的时间差似乎从根本上决定了竞争和疾病进展。第一个到达的寄生虫可以获得明显的繁殖优势或诱导交叉反应免疫，但通过破坏皮肤和相关防御（即皮肤分泌物、皮肤微生物组）以及免疫抑制，它也可以为随后的感染铺平道路。虽然有例外，但对宿主的有害影响通常会随着共同感染的寄生虫种类的增加而加剧。最后，由于两栖动物是变温动物，温度似乎是影响共感染的最关键的环境因素，部分是通过它对两栖动物免疫功能的影响，部分是由于它对寄生虫的生存和生长的直接影响。除了对我们理解生态模式和过程的重要性外，关于共同感染的详细知识对于设计和实施有效的野生动物疾病管理也至关重要，因此，集中于我们理解中已确定的差距的研究代表了有益的研究途径。
Parasites, including viruses, bacteria, fungi, protists, helminths, and arthropods, are ubiquitous in the animal kingdom. Consequently, hosts are frequently infected with more than one parasite species simultaneously. The assessment of such co-infections is of fundamental importance for disease ecology, but relevant studies involving non-domesticated animals have remained scarce. Many amphibians are in decline, and they generally have a highly diverse parasitic fauna. Here we review the literature reporting on field surveys, veterinary case studies, and laboratory experiments on co-infections in amphibians, and we summarize what is known about within-host interactions among parasites, which environmental and intrinsic factors influence the outcomes of these interactions, and what effects co-infections have on hosts. The available literature is piecemeal, and patterns are highly diverse, so that identifying general trends that would fit most host–multiparasite systems in amphibians is difficult. Several examples of additive, antagonistic, neutral, and synergistic effects among different parasites are known, but whether members of some higher taxa usually outcompete and override the effects of others remains unclear. The arrival order of different parasites and the time lag between exposures appear in many cases to fundamentally shape competition and disease progression. The first parasite to arrive can gain a marked reproductive advantage or induce cross-reaction immunity, but by disrupting the skin and associated defences (i.e., skin secretions, skin microbiome) and by immunosuppression, it can also pave the way for subsequent infections. Although there are exceptions, detrimental effects to the host are generally aggravated with increasing numbers of co-infecting parasite species. Finally, because amphibians are ectothermic animals, temperature appears to be the most critical environmental factor that affects co-infections, partly via its influence on amphibian immune function, partly due to its direct effect on the survival and growth of parasites. Besides their importance for our understanding of ecological patterns and processes, detailed knowledge about co-infections is also crucial for the design and implementation of effective wildlife disease management, so that studies concentrating on the identified gaps in our understanding represent rewarding research avenues.
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影响因子：
3
作者：
Belasen, Anat M.;Bletz, Molly C.;James, Timothy Y.
通讯作者：
James, Timothy Y.
影响因子：
0.8
作者：
BRADFORD, DF
通讯作者：
BRADFORD, DF
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作者：
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作者：
Bosch J;Monsalve-Carcaño C;Price SJ;Bielby J
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影响因子：
3.7
作者：
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通讯作者：
Waldman, Bruce