Unthinkable Risk: How Children Are Exposed and Harmed When Pesticides Are Used at School.
Unthinkable Risk: How Children Are Exposed and Harmed When Pesticides Are Used at School.
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难以想象的风险：学校使用农药时儿童如何暴露和受到伤害。
DOI：
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发表时间：
2000
期刊：
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
B. Riley
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
B. Riley
杀虫剂是旨在杀死杂草或昆虫“害虫”等不需要的生物体的毒药。越来越多的科学和医学证据表明，儿童特别容易受到某些杀虫剂的有害影响，包括神经毒物、致癌物、生殖毒素或激素干扰物。尽管如此，这些有毒化学物质仍然在学校及其周围广泛使用。人们普遍认为，农药在环境中会迅速分解，因此即使在使用后很短的时间内，儿童也不太可能接触到农药。但家长和学校官员最好亲自检查证据。现实情况是，几乎在任何使用农药的地方，都会不可避免地发生污染。令人惊讶的是，农药残留在室内和室外环境中都持久存在。当学校或校园使用杀虫剂时，儿童和其他学校占用者将面临不可避免的接触。儿童可能比成人更多地接触这些农药。由于体型庞大且不成熟，他们还面临着最大的暴露健康风险。关于学校环境中农药污染的研究很少。然而，第一章和第二章回顾了强有力的证据，表明当在室内或室外其他类似环境中使用杀虫剂时，即使按照标签说明使用产品，也会不可避免地发生污染。请考虑以下因素： • 即使按照标签说明使用，并且房间通风良好，杀虫剂和溶剂蒸气在处理后仍可在室内空气中持续数小时。即使在建筑物下方施用杀虫剂，也可能导致室内空气中的杀虫剂浓度在数周甚至数年内达到可测量水平。 • 许多杀虫剂的残留物会迅速沉积在室内表面，并可停留数天、数周甚至数月。许多使用方法都会在整个房间的表面上留下残留物。毛绒地毯、软垫家具或枕头也会吸收农药，然后将蒸气释放回空气中。杀虫剂残留物也会积聚在室内灰尘中。 • 农药可能会从施用地点移走。气流或强制通风会将农药蒸气和残留物带到房间周围，从学校的一个区域带到另一个区域，甚至从室外进入教室。还可以在室内追踪草坪应用中的残留物。 • 在室外，农药残留可能会长期存在于土壤、草坪和植被中。液体喷雾剂的干燥残留物可以……
Pesticides are poisons intended to kill unwanted living organisms such as weed or insect " pests. " A growing body of scientific and medical evidence suggests that children are especially vulnerable to the harmful effects of some pesticides, including those that are nerve poisons, carcinogens, reproductive toxins or hormone disruptors. Despite this, these toxic chemicals remain in widespread use in and around schools. It is a common belief that pesticides break down rapidly in the environment and therefore children are unlikely to be exposed even a short time after application. But parents and school officials would be wise to examine the evidence for themselves. The reality is that nearly anywhere pesticides are used, unavoidable contamination occurs. Pesticide residues can be surprisingly persistent in both indoor and outdoor environments. When pesticides are used in a school or on a school ground, children and other school occupants face unavoidable exposures. Children are likely to experience higher exposures than adults to many of these pesticides. Because of their size and immaturity, they also face the greatest health risks from their exposures. There have been few studies of pesticide contamination in school environments. However, Chapters 1 and 2 review the strong evidence that when pesticides are used indoors or out in other comparable settings, unavoidable contamination occurs, even when products are used according to label directions. Consider the following: • Pesticide and solvent vapors can persist in indoor air for many hours following treatment, even when applied according to label directions, and even when rooms are ventilated. Even pesticides applied beneath a building can result in measurable levels of pesticides in indoor air for weeks or even years. • Residues of many pesticides are rapidly deposited on indoor surfaces, where they can remain for days, weeks, or even months. Many methods of application can leave residues on surfaces throughout a room. Plush carpets, upholstered furniture, or pillows can also absorb pesticides, and later release vapors back into the air. Pesticide residues also accumulate in house dust. • Pesticides can move from the site of application. Air currents or forced air can carry pesticide vapors and residues around a room, from one area of a school to another, or even into classrooms from outdoors. Residues can also be tracked indoors from lawn applications. • Outdoors, pesticide residues may persist in soil, and on turf and vegetation for extended periods. Dried residues of liquid sprays can …
DOI：
10.1093/jnci/79.1.39
发表时间：
1987-07
期刊：
Journal of the National Cancer Institute
影响因子：
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作者：
R. Lowengart;J. Peters;C. Cicioni;J. Buckley;L. Bernstein;S. Preston‐Martin;E. Rappaport
通讯作者：
R. Lowengart;J. Peters;C. Cicioni;J. Buckley;L. Bernstein;S. Preston‐Martin;E. Rappaport