Earthworms produce granules of intricately zoned calcite

Earthworms produce granules of intricately zoned calcite
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蚯蚓产生错综复杂的分区方解石颗粒

DOI:
10.1130/g25106a.1
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发表时间:
2008
期刊:
影响因子:
5.8
通讯作者:
Lee M
Lee M
中科院分区:
地球科学1区
文献类型:
--
作者:
Lee M

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蚯蚓科的蚯蚓,其中包括许多常见的物种,产生和分泌高达毫米大小的方解石颗粒,其组成晶体的复杂精细尺度分区是生物矿物所独有的。粒状方解石是由无定形碳酸钙(ACC)结晶而成,ACC最初沉淀在含钙腺体中,然后通过在石英颗粒核上的增生形成原颗粒。ACC的结晶由迁移的流体膜介导,并且在ACC产生的24小时内和颗粒离开结晶器之前基本上完成。在方解石晶体生长过程中,作为微量元素掺入的副产品形成的缺陷的密度的变化产生分区,可以通过在紫外线到蓝色波长的阴极发光成像和使用扫描电子显微镜电荷衬度成像的新技术来解决。方解石晶体取向的电子背散射衍射映射揭示了近似径向织物的颗粒,反映了晶体生长从内部成核网站向其边缘。ACC夹杂物颗粒内的生存数月后,他们进入土壤表明,他们只结晶在土壤中,并在含有生化催化剂的流体的存在下。碳酸钙的溶解可能会促进非晶碳酸钙的结晶,以防止碳酸钙的再活化。方解石颗粒生动地说明了生物矿化中的瞬态前体的作用,但为什么蚯蚓产生颗粒的体积足以对土壤碳循环产生可测量的影响的根本问题仍然有待回答。
Earthworms of the family Lumbricidae, which includes many common species, produce and secrete up to millimeter-sized calcite granules, and the intricate fine-scale zoning of their constituent crystals is unique for a biomineral. Granule calcite is produced by crystallization of amorphous calcium carbonate (ACC) that initially precipitates within the earthworm calciferous glands, then forms protogranules by accretion on quartz grain cores. Crystallization of ACC is mediated by migrating fluid films and is largely complete within 24 h of ACC production and before granules leave the earthworm. Variations in the density of defects formed as a byproduct of trace element incorporation during calcite crystal growth have generated zoning that can be resolved by cathodoluminescence imaging at ultraviolet to blue wavelengths and using the novel technique of scanning electron microscope charge contrast imaging. Mapping of calcite crystal orientations by electron backscatter diffraction reveals an approximate radial fabric to the granules that reflects crystal growth from internal nucleation sites toward their margins. The survival within granules of ACC inclusions for months after they enter soils indicates that they crystallize only within the earthworm and in the presence of fluids containing biochemical catalysts. The earthworm probably promotes crystallization of ACC in order to prevent remobilization of the calcium carbonate by dissolution. Calcite granules vividly illustrate the role of transient precursors in biomineralization, but the underlying question of why earthworms produce granules in volumes sufficient to have a measurable impact on soil carbon cycling remains to be answered.
通过扫描电子显微镜和高光谱测绘对方解石中的阴极发光分区进行成像
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