Microglia in Alzheimer's disease.

Microglia in Alzheimer's disease.
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DOI:
10.1083/jcb.201709069
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发表时间:
2018-02-05
期刊:
The Journal of cell biology
影响因子:
--
通讯作者:
Sheng M
Sheng M
中科院分区:
其他
文献类型:
--
作者:
Hansen DV;Hanson JE;Sheng M

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Hansen等人回顾了小胶质细胞在阿尔茨海默病发生和发展中的潜在双重有益和有害作用。大脑中小胶质细胞的增殖和激活,集中在淀粉样斑块周围,是阿尔茨海默病(AD)的一个突出特征。人类遗传学数据指出了小胶质细胞在阿尔茨海默病发病机制中的关键作用。大多数阿尔茨海默病的风险基因是由大脑中的小胶质细胞高度表达的(其中许多是选择性表达的)。越来越多的证据表明,小胶质细胞可以预防AD的发生,因为小胶质细胞活性受损和小胶质细胞对β-淀粉样蛋白的反应改变与AD风险增加有关。另一方面,也有大量证据表明,激活的小胶质细胞可能对神经元有害。小胶质细胞可以通过吞噬突触介导突触丢失,可能是通过补体依赖机制;它们还可以加剧tau病理并分泌炎症因子,这些炎症因子可以直接或通过激活神经毒性星形胶质细胞损伤神经元。基因表达谱表明,在神经退行性疾病中,小胶质细胞有多种激活状态,这可能解释了小胶质细胞在阿尔茨海默病病理发生和进展中的不同作用。
Hansen et al. review the potential dual helpful and harmful roles of microglia in the development and progression of Alzheimer’s disease. Proliferation and activation of microglia in the brain, concentrated around amyloid plaques, is a prominent feature of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Human genetics data point to a key role for microglia in the pathogenesis of AD. The majority of risk genes for AD are highly expressed (and many are selectively expressed) by microglia in the brain. There is mounting evidence that microglia protect against the incidence of AD, as impaired microglial activities and altered microglial responses to β-amyloid are associated with increased AD risk. On the other hand, there is also abundant evidence that activated microglia can be harmful to neurons. Microglia can mediate synapse loss by engulfment of synapses, likely via a complement-dependent mechanism; they can also exacerbate tau pathology and secrete inflammatory factors that can injure neurons directly or via activation of neurotoxic astrocytes. Gene expression profiles indicate multiple states of microglial activation in neurodegenerative disease settings, which might explain the disparate roles of microglia in the development and progression of AD pathology.
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