Elevation‐dependent effects of forest fragmentation on plant–bird interaction networks in the tropical Andes
Elevation‐dependent effects of forest fragmentation on plant–bird interaction networks in the tropical Andes
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热带安第斯山脉森林破碎化对植物与鸟类相互作用网络的海拔依赖性影响
DOI：
10.1111/ecog.03247
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发表时间：
2018
期刊：
影响因子：
5.9
通讯作者：
E. L. Neuschulz
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Quitián;V. Santillán;C. I. Espinosa;J. Homeier;K. Böhning-Gaese;M. Schleuning ;E. L. Neuschulz
热带森林拥有各种各样的植物和动物生态群落，它们以复杂的相互作用网络组织起来。植物-动物相互作用网络的多样性和结构可能会沿着海拔梯度和人类引起的栖息地破碎化而变化。虽然以前的研究已经分析了海拔和森林片断化对物种相互作用网络孤立的影响，据我们所知，没有研究调查是否森林片断化对物种相互作用的影响可能不同沿着海拔梯度。本文从植物和鸟类两个层次分析了海拔和森林片断化对植物-食果动物相互作用网络的主效应和交互效应。在为期两年的时间里，我们记录了三个海拔（1000，2000和3000米a.s.l.）的植物-食果动物的相互作用。厄瓜多尔南部热带山地森林的两种生境类型（连续森林和破碎森林）。我们发现海拔对植物-食果动物网络的结构有一致的影响。我们观察到植物的有效鸟类伙伴的数量减少，因此，随着海拔的增加，鸟类物种的冗余度下降。此外，鸟类对特定植物伴侣的专业化程度向高海拔地区增加。破碎化有一个相对较弱的影响，植物和鸟类物种的相互作用网络，但在破碎的森林在高海拔地区的鸟类专业化显着增加。我们的研究结果表明，森林片断化可能有更强的影响，植物-食果动物的相互作用网络在高海拔地区相比，低海拔地区，因为鸟类物种丰富度下降更陡峭的高海拔地区比植物物种丰富度。我们的结论是，保护工作应优先考虑维护消费者的多样性，例如通过保持连续的森林延伸。这尤其适用于物种贫乏的社区，例如高海拔地区的社区，因为这些社区的生态过程似乎对森林破碎化最敏感。
Tropical forests harbor diverse ecological communities of plants and animals that are organized in complex interaction networks. The diversity and structure of plant–animal interaction networks may change along elevational gradients and in response to human‐induced habitat fragmentation. While previous studies have analyzed the effects of elevation and forest fragmentation on species interaction networks in isolation, to our knowledge no study has investigated whether the effects of forest fragmentation on species interactions may differ along elevational gradients. In this study, we analyzed main and interaction effects of elevation and forest fragmentation on plant–frugivore interaction networks at plant and bird species level. Over a period spanning two years, we recorded plant–frugivore interactions at three elevations (1000, 2000 and 3000 m a.s.l.) and in two habitat types (continuous and fragmented forest) in tropical montane forests in southern Ecuador. We found a consistent effect of elevation on the structure of plant–frugivore networks. We observed a decrease in the number of effective bird partners of plants and, thus, a decline in the redundancy of bird species with increasing elevation. Furthermore, bird specialization on specific plant partners increased towards high elevations. Fragmentation had a relatively weak effect on the interaction networks for both plant and bird species, but resulted in a significant increase in bird specialization in fragmented forests at high elevations. Our results indicate that forest fragmentation may have stronger effects on plant–frugivore interaction networks at high compared to low elevations because bird species richness declined more steeply towards high elevations than plant species richness. We conclude that conservation efforts should prioritize the maintenance of consumer diversity, for instance by maintaining stretches of continuous forest. This applies in particular to species‐poor communities, such as those at high elevations, as the ecological processes in these communities seem most sensitive towards forest fragmentation.
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