A Study of the Cosmic Ray Modulation and Solar Cosmic Ray Events Using Ground-Based Neutron Monitors and Spacecraft Cosmic Ray Detectors

宇宙线是研究太阳活动时间变化的较长数据库之一。从中子监测器获得几个太阳周期内的连续数据记录对于各种宇宙线调制的研究是重要的。例如，中子监测器的数据对于评估高能宇宙射线的调制程度和这种调制在不同周期中可能存在的不对称性至关重要：这些数据还可作为较低能量宇宙线梯度测量的基线，并有助于了解高能粒子在太阳宇宙线事件中的传播。这笔赠款将继续在山上运行宇宙射线中子监测器。我们将继续进行研究，将这些地面宇宙线观测与IMP系列航天器的近地宇宙线望远镜数据以及从先驱者10号和11号以及旅行者1号和2号获得的距离地球很远的类似数据联系起来。华盛顿是唯一一个在几乎三个太阳周期内提供连续数据覆盖的高纬度中子监测仪，该监测站的数据已被全球范围内的气球和卫星实验用作地球高能宇宙射线通量的标准指标。目前，许多其他小组要求获得这些数据，作为航天器和气球测量的时间基础。纳入这些地面观测为航天器的测量提供了一个必不可少的额外方面。赠款将支持使用MT的下列具体问题。华盛顿和航天器的上述数据：(1)在当前调制周期的恢复阶段，地球和日心距离超过15个天文单位(AU)的宇宙线强度；(2)45AU的积分和微分径向宇宙线梯度；(3)纬度强度梯度；(4)日球层边界对宇宙线强度的影响；(5)其他研究，包括不同太阳周期减少和增加部分的相位滞后效应，比较最近三个太阳周期的宇宙线调制，特别是在最小调制周期，1986年2月6日的福布什型减少，以及(6)1978年5月7日和1984年2月16日太阳宇宙线事件中质子的加速、注入和传播。

Cosmic rays represent one of the longer data bases for studying the temporal variation of solar activity. The availability of continuous data records during several solar cycles from a neutron monitor is important for a wide variety of investigations of the cosmic ray modulation. For example, data from neutron monitors are essential for evaluating the extent of the modulation of high energy cosmic-rays and possible asymmetries in this modulation from cycle to cycle: these data also serve as a baseline for lower-energy cosmic-ray gradient measurements and help to understand the propagation of energetic particles in solar cosmic-ray events. This grant will continue the operation of the cosmic-ray neutron monitors at Mt. Washington and Durham and continue studies which relate these ground-based cosmic-ray observations to near earth cosmic ray telescope data from the IMP series of spacecraft and similar data at large distances from the earth acquired from Pioneers 10 and 11 and Voyagers 1 and 2. Mt. Washington is the only high latitude neutron monitor providing continuous data coverage over almost three solar cycles, the data from that station have been used as standard indicators of the energetic cosmic-ray flux at earth by balloon and satellite experiments on a worldwide basis. Currently many other groups request the data as a time base for spacecraft and balloon measurements. The inclusion of these ground-based observations provides an essential additional dimension to the spacecraft measurements. The grant will support the following specific problems using the Mt. Washington and spacecraft data described above: (1) the cosmic ray intensities at earth and at heliocentric distances beyond 15 Astronomical Unit (AU) during the recovery phase of the current modulation cycle; (2) the integral and differential radial cosmic-ray gradients 45 AU; (3) latitudinal intensity gradients; (4) the effect of the heliospheric boundary upon the cosmic-ray intensity; (5) other studies, to include the phase-lag effects during the decreasing and increasing portions of different solar cycles, a comparison of the cosmic-ray modulation in the last three solar cycles particularly at periods of minimum modulation, the Forbush-type decrease of February 6, 1986, and (6) the acceleration, injection and propagation of the protons in the May 7, 1978 and February 16, 1984 solar cosmic ray events.