COHMAP -- Cooperative Holocene Mapping Project

评估我们对气候系统的理解的一种方法是将过去气候的模式模拟与根据这些时期的可用数据重建的气候进行比较。这就是COHMAP项目（全新世合作测绘项目）的方法，这是一个多机构（布朗大学、哥伦比亚大学、明尼苏达州、俄勒冈州和威斯康星州）致力于研究过去18000年气候的项目。这个时间间隔包括末次盛冰期、冰期终止和现在的全新世间冰期。研究人员正在根据花粉、湖泊水位和海洋浮游生物重建气候。全球数据集以3000年为间隔进行组织，包括冰盖高度面积、浮游生物化石、花粉和植物微化石的分布以及湖泊水位状况。该项目包括一个与国家大气研究中心的社区气候模型并行的模拟全球气候模式的努力。模拟实验是以3000年为间隔，跨越相同的18000年周期的气候“快照”，并结合了地球轨道参数变化和缓慢变化的边界条件（如冰盖高度和面积）的影响。未来几年的工作包括：(1)完成对观测到的古气候的全球分析，并与最近的数值模拟实验进行比较；(2)启动新的海洋模式工作，并将模拟与浮游生物化石分布进行比较；(3)测试模式模拟对过去1.8万年来伴随气候变化的大气二氧化碳和气溶胶变化的敏感性；(4)对北美、北大西洋和欧洲的数据进行解释，以定量重建过去的气候。这项工作将提高对冰期/间冰期（即大尺度）气候变化动力学的理解和理论，对气候模式的优缺点进行评估，并对生物圈与气候之间关系的本质产生新的见解。

One method to evaluate our understanding of the climate system is to compare model simulations of past climate with reconstructions of the climate from the data available for those time periods. This is the approach of the COHMAP project (Cooperative Holocene Mapping Project), a multi-institutional (Brown, Columbia, Minnesota, Oregon and Wisconsin) effort focused on examination of the climate of the last 18,000 years. This time interval encompasses the last glacial maximum, the termination of the glaciation, and the present Holocene interglacial. The investigators are reconstructing climate from pollen, lake levels, and marine plankton. The global data sets are organized in 3,000 year intervals and include ice-sheet height area, distributions of fossil plankton, pollen and plant microfossils, and status of lake levels. The project includes a parallel effort to simulate the global patterns of climate with the Community Climate model of the National Center for Atmospheric Research. The simulation experiments are "snapshots" of the climate at 3,000 year intervals spanning the same 18,000 year period and incorporating the effects of changes in earth's orbital parameters and slowly changing boundary conditions such as ice- sheet height and area. Proposed work over the next several years includes (1) completion of global analysis of the observed paleoclimate and comparison with recent numerical simulation experiments, (2) initiation of new work with ocean models and comparison of simulations with fossil plankton distributions, (3) test the sensitivity of the model simulations to variations in atmospheric carbon dioxide and aerosol that have accompanied climate changes over the past 18,000 years, (4) intrepretation of data from North America, North Atlantic, and Europe for quantitative reconstructions of past climates. This work should lead to an improved understanding and theory of the dynamics of glacial/interglacial (i.e., large scale) climatic change, to an appreciation of the strengths and weaknesses of climate models, and to new insights about the nature of the relationships between the biosphere and climate.