Evolution of Life History in Papilio Species.

性内选择和性间选择在两种燕尾蝴蝶性别限制拟态进化中的作用比较。黑燕尾和虎燕尾(多花凤蝶和灰斑燕)都表现出对令人反感的管状燕尾的模仿，这种燕尾仅限于雌性。雄性对新的拟态颜色的选择要么是因为雌性对典型雄性的交配偏好，要么是因为新雄性在与典型雄性的直接竞争中成功程度降低。通过一系列平行实验，研究人员将比较女性间性选择和男性性内选择对维持男性祖先颜色的影响。这些近缘蝴蝶在交配系统上的深刻差异将有助于区分不同的选择。在黑燕尾中，两性选择可能非常重要，因为雄性聚集在一起，并具有攻击性的领地，但在老虎燕尾中不太可能重要，因为雄性分散在那里，并广泛巡逻寻找雌性。颜色的影响将通过改变雄性的外表使其与雌性相似，然后将它们在求偶、交配、领土防御和配偶定位方面的成功与未改变的雄性进行比较。观察到的影响将归因于两性间或两性间的选择。这项研究的结果将提高我们对模仿和保护性着色进化的理解。它将为替代性选择假说提供第一次实验测试，并评估每一种假说的相对重要性。从应用的观点来看，这项研究将表明控制或改变视觉导向型害虫物种的交配成功的潜力。此外，了解生殖隔离的机制将有助于我们了解这些物种的基因流动。这对于预测对天然植物毒素或杀虫剂的抗性基因在自然或害虫种群中的移动可能是重要的。

A comparison of the roles of intra and intersexual selection in the evolution of sex-limited mimicry in two swallowtail butterflies. Both black and tiger swallowtails (Papilio polyxenes and P. glaucus) exhibit mimicry of the distasteful pipevine swallowtail (Battus philenor) that is limited to females. Selection against novel mimetic coloration in males results either from mating preferences for typical males by females or the reduced success of novel males in direct competition with typical males. Using a series of parallel experiments, the investigators will compare the impact of female intersexual selection with that of male intrasexual selection on the maintenance of the ancestral color in males. The profound differences in the mating systems of these related butterflies will aid in distinguishing between the alternatives. Intrasexual selection may be very important in the black swallowtail, where males are aggregated and aggressively territorial, but is unlikely to be important in the tiger swallowtail, where males are dispersed and patrol widely for females. The influence of coloration will be evaluated by altering the appearance of males to resemble females, then comparing their success in courtship, copulation, territorial defense and mate location with unaltered males. Observed effects will be attributable to either inter- or intrasexual selection. The results of this research will improve our understanding of the evolution of mimicry and protective coloration. It will provide the first experimental test of the alternative sexual selection hypotheses and estimate the relative importance of each. From the applied viewpoint, the research will indicate the potential to control or alter mating success in visually oriented insect pest species. In addition, knowing the mechanisms of reproductive isolation will aid us in understanding gene flow in these species. This could be important in predicting the movement of resistance genes to natural plant toxins or pesticides in natural or pest populations.