Evolution of Life History in Papilio Species.

性内选择和性间选择作用的比较 两只燕尾蝶的性别限制模仿进化 蝴蝶 黑凤蝶和虎凤蝶（Papilio polyxenes and P. 它们模仿令人讨厌的凤尾鱼 （Battus philenor），仅限于女性。 甄选以填补 雄性的新的模仿色要么来自交配， 女性对典型男性的偏好或成功率降低 与典型的雄性直接竞争。 使用 一系列平行实验，研究人员将比较 雌性间性选择对雄性间性选择的影响 保持祖先颜色的性内选择 在男性中。 在交配系统上的巨大差异 这些相关的蝴蝶将有助于区分 替代品. 性内选择可能在 黑燕尾，雄性聚集在一起， 领土，但不太可能是重要的老虎 燕尾蝶，雄鸟分散在各处， 女性 将通过以下方式评价着色的影响： 改变雄性的外表使之与雌性相似， 比较它们在求偶，交配，领土方面的成功， 防御和交配地点的关系 观察到的效应 将归因于性内选择或性间选择。 这项研究的结果将增进我们对 模仿和保护色的进化。 它将 提供了第一个实验性的测试， 选择假设并估计相对重要性 每个. 从应用的角度来看，研究将表明， 潜在的控制或改变交配成功的视觉导向 害虫种类 此外，了解 生殖隔离将有助于我们理解基因流， 这些物种。 这可能对预测未来 对天然植物毒素的抗性基因的移动， 自然界或害虫种群中的杀虫剂。

A comparison of the roles of intra and intersexual selection in the evolution of sex-limited mimicry in two swallowtail butterflies. Both black and tiger swallowtails (Papilio polyxenes and P. glaucus) exhibit mimicry of the distasteful pipevine swallowtail (Battus philenor) that is limited to females. Selection against novel mimetic coloration in males results either from mating preferences for typical males by females or the reduced success of novel males in direct competition with typical males. Using a series of parallel experiments, the investigators will compare the impact of female intersexual selection with that of male intrasexual selection on the maintenance of the ancestral color in males. The profound differences in the mating systems of these related butterflies will aid in distinguishing between the alternatives. Intrasexual selection may be very important in the black swallowtail, where males are aggregated and aggressively territorial, but is unlikely to be important in the tiger swallowtail, where males are dispersed and patrol widely for females. The influence of coloration will be evaluated by altering the appearance of males to resemble females, then comparing their success in courtship, copulation, territorial defense and mate location with unaltered males. Observed effects will be attributable to either inter- or intrasexual selection. The results of this research will improve our understanding of the evolution of mimicry and protective coloration. It will provide the first experimental test of the alternative sexual selection hypotheses and estimate the relative importance of each. From the applied viewpoint, the research will indicate the potential to control or alter mating success in visually oriented insect pest species. In addition, knowing the mechanisms of reproductive isolation will aid us in understanding gene flow in these species. This could be important in predicting the movement of resistance genes to natural plant toxins or pesticides in natural or pest populations.