Mental Representations of Spatial and Nonspatial Relations

这项研究关注的是人们如何记住空间和 非空间信息 该项目将检查（一个）内存 照片，（B）空间记忆的度量结构，以及 (c)对记忆和提取理论的限制。 一系列 11个实验将研究照片的记忆， 三维空间的其他二维投影 布局 这些研究的主要目的是确定 场景的哪些三维属性被编码在 对那个场景的照片的心理再现。 在 此外，这些实验将确定何时两个和三个- 在图片期间提取维度空间关系 perception. 这些研究的结果将影响目前的 视觉感知理论 这些理论中的许多假设 深度的空间关系是从信息中推断出来的， 以二维给出（例如，视网膜图像）。 换句话说， 某些三维空间关系不应可用 直到某些二维空间关系已经被 感知 这一预测将在本研究中得到验证。 一 第二组六个实验将研究度量 空间表征的结构。 这些实验 预计将表明，空间记忆往往违反两个 度量的基本公理（例如，欧几里得）表示， 音段可加性和对称性 最后一组四个 实验将检查启动效应的范围。 预充 指的是对一个项目的回应所产生的促进作用 (e.g.,狮子）可能对响应随后的项目（例如， 老虎）。 几种记忆理论预测， 仅在项目直接关联时发生（例如，狮子-老虎）。 其他理论预测，即使项目是 由两个或三个关联步骤（例如，狮纹 和鬃毛条纹，分别）。 两个实验将建立 词汇启动效应范围的限制（词与词） 非字）的决定和识别，和两个计算机 模拟将评估神经网络模型 记忆力受到了研究结果的限制。

This research is concerned with how people remember spatial and nonspatial information. The project will examine (a) memory for photographs, (b) the metric structure of spatial memories, and (c) constraints on theories of memory and retrieval. A series of eleven experiments will investigate memory for photographs and other two-dimensional projections of three-dimensional spatial layouts. The principal goal of these studies is to determine which three-dimensional properties of a scene are encoded in the mental representation of a photograph of that scene. In addition, these experiments will determine when two- and three- dimensional spatial relations are extracted during picture perception. The results from these studies will bear on current theories of visual perception. Many of these theories assume that spatial relations in depth are inferred from information given in two dimensions (e.g., retinal images). In other words, some three-dimensional spatial relations should not be available until certain two-dimensional spatial relations have been perceived. This prediction will be tested in this research. A second set of six experiments will investigate the metric structure of spatial representations. These experiments are expected to show that spatial memories often violate two fundamental axioms of metric (e.g., Euclidean) representation, segmental additivity and symmetry. The final set of four experiments will examine the range of priming effects. Priming refers to the facilitative effects that responding to an item (e.g., lion) may have on responding to a subsequent item (e.g., tiger). Several theories of memory predict that priming will occur only if items are directly associated (e.g., lion-tiger). Other theories predict that priming will occur even if items are separated by two or three associative steps (e.g., lion-stripes and mane-stripes, respectively). Two experiments will establish limits on the range of priming effects in lexical (word vs. nonword) decisions and in recognition, and two computer simulations will assess the extent to which neural-network models of memory are constrained by the findings.