Research at the Shore: Marine Laboratories and the Growth ofBiology in the United States

传统上，19世纪末美国生命科学的迅速发展在很大程度上归因于美国人采纳了发达的德国生理学和形态学理想。然而，最近的学术研究认为，德国科学只是塑造美国生物学发展的一个因素，而不是最重要的因素。根据这笔研究拨款，本森博士正在完成他对美国独特的生物学环境的研究，特别是在海洋生物实验室的背景下。早期的考察站--佩尼克斯岛的安德森自然历史学校(1873年)、亚历山大·阿加西的纽波特实验室(1875年)和威廉·布鲁克斯的切萨皮克动物实验室(1878年)--是暑期学校，向中学教师传授自然历史的基础知识，这是1880年代S之前美国生物学的特征。随着科学教育的改革，其中几个实验室的建立是为了为研究生提供生物高级教学的机会。其中包括伍兹霍尔海洋生物实验室(1888年)、霍普金斯海洋站(1892年)、斯克里普斯海洋学研究所(1903年)和星期五港实验室(1904年)。这些站在美国生物学的成长和发展中发挥了关键作用，从它的自然历史传统的根源到它在世纪之交开始成熟并获得国际领导地位的地位。本森博士将对美国海洋实验室的发展以及这些机构在美国生物学的成长和成熟中发挥的作用进行重要评估。

Traditionally, the rapid growth and development of the life sciences in the United States at the end of the 19th century has been largely attributed to the American adoption of the well- developed German ideal for physiology and morphology. Recent scholarship, however, sees German science as only one factor, and not the most important one at that, in shaping the development of American biology. Dr. Benson, under this research grant, is completing his study of the unique American setting for biology, especially in the context of the marine biology laboratories. The early stations--the Anderson School of Natural History on Penikese Island (1873), Alexander Agassiz's Newport Laboratory (1875) and William Brooks' Chesapeake Zoological Laboratory (1878)--were summer institutes to teach secondary school teachers the rudiments of natural history, the descriptive study of the natural world that characterized American biology prior to the 1880's. With the reform of science education, several of these laboratories were established to provide opportunities for graduate students in advanced instruction in biology. These included the Marine Biological Laboratory at Woods Hole (1888), the Hopkins Marine Station (1892), the Scripps Institution of Oceanography (1903) and the Friday Harbor Laboratories (1904). These stations played a critical role in the growth and development of American biology, from its roots in the natural history tradition to its position when it began to come of age and gain an international leadership role at the turn of the century. Dr. Benson will provide a critical assessment of the American development of marine laboratories and the role these institutions played in the growth and maturation of American biology.