The Institutionalization of Zoology

美国的科学教育在很大程度上是基于模型的 来自德国。 年轻的美国人有兴趣追求 他的科学生涯去了德国接受高等教育。 这 这种做法一直延续到世纪--例如，罗伯特· “原子弹之父”奥本海默研究量子物理学 在德国。 因此，如果一个人想了解科学教育， 美国，我们必须了解它的起源在德国。 德国科学发展研究的中心焦点 是大学的科研机构。 它们的创立 在19世纪的最后三分之一， 托马斯·库恩称之为“第二次科学革命” 革命”由于其重要性， 组织结构，使卓越的 现代知识的进步。 迄今为止，大多数研究 我调查了物理、化学或 physiology. 里士满博士正在做一个详细的档案研究 动物学在慕尼黑大学的制度化。 一 是德国最大最重要的动物学中心之一 慕尼黑拥有这一时期所有主要的研究项目： 自然哲学、“科学”动物学和实验动物学。 通过研究认知、制度和社会经济 影响慕尼黑动物学发展的因素 在19世纪和20世纪初，研究提供了 新的信息的精细结构的运作之一 研究所，其研究结果可以更广泛地应用于 拓宽我们对这一时期动物学发展的理解， 历史上的关键时期。

Science education in the United States was largely based on models drawn from Germany. Young Americans interested in pursuing a career in science went to Germany for advanced education. This practice continued well into the 20th century--for example, Robert Oppenheimer, "father of the atomic bomb," studied quantum physics in Germany. Thus, if one wants to understand science education in America, one must understand its origins in Germany. A central focus in studies of the development of science in Germany are the scientific institutes of the universities. Their creation in the last third of the 19th century sparked an "institutional revolution" that Thomas Kuhn has called the "Second Scientific Revolution" owing to its importance for providing the organizational structure that made possible the remarkable intellectual advances of the modern era. To date, most studies have investigated the institutes of physics, chemistry, or physiology. Dr. Richmond is presenting a detailed archival study of the institutionalization of zoology in Munich University. One of the largest and most important centers of zoology in Germany, Munich harbored all of the major research programs of this period: Naturphilosophie, "scientific" zoology, and experimental zoology. By examining the cognitive, institutional, and socioeconomic factors that influenced the development of zoology in Munich over the course of the 19th and early 20th centuries, the study provides new information about the fine structure of the operation of one institute, and its findings can be applied more generally to broaden our understanding of the development of zoology during this critical period in its history.