Systematics and Phylogeny of the Bees

9302186麦切纳这个项目将完成一个全面的书长度的工作，对世界蜜蜂的生殖和系统学，与筑巢和交配行为，花卉偏好等补充信息。使用简约程序，高等分类群（部落的家庭）的系统发育将进行调查和介绍。将制作亚属水平的识别检索表。这项工作将是对蜜蜂进化和系统学知识的贡献。此外，由于蜜蜂是许多植物必不可少的授粉者，而蜜蜂往往是贫穷的授粉者，因此需要为农业和保护目的促进对所有蜜蜂的研究。这项工作将使生态学家、植物学家和那些关注生物多样性（可能受到传粉者损失的限制）的人有可能识别蜜蜂（到亚属水平），并将使人们有可能更好地了解蜜蜂作为一个群体。此外，对蜜蜂的研究对各种重要的进化现象（例如利他主义和社会性）的概念基础产生了重大影响。一个全面的系统发育和系统的治疗将提供一个框架，以评估这些问题，无论是过去的工作和未来的研究。由于蜜蜂是许多植物的重要授粉者，而蜜蜂通常是某些植物的不良授粉者，因此出于农业和保护目的，需要促进对所有蜜蜂的研究。这项工作将使生态学家、植物学家和那些关注生物多样性的人（可能因授粉者的丧失而受到限制）能够识别蜜蜂，并将使人们能够更好地了解蜜蜂作为一个群体。***

9302186 Michener This project will finish a comprehensive book length work on the phylogeny and systematics of bees of the world, with supplementary information on nesting and mating behavior, flower preferences and the like. Using parsimony programs, the phylogeny of higher taxa (tribes to families) will be investigated and presented. Keys for identification to the level of subgenus will be produced. This work will be a contribution to the knowledge of bee evolution and systematics. In addition, because bees are essential pollinators of many plants and honey bees often are poor pollinators, studies of all bees need to be facilitated for agricultural and conservation purposes. This work will make possible bee identification (to the subgenus level) by ecologists, botanists, and those concerned with biodiversity (that may be limited by loss of pollinators) and will make possible improved understanding of bees as a group. Moreover, the study of bees has had a major impact on the conceptual bases of various evolutionarily important phenomena (e.g. altruism and sociality). A comprehensive phylogenetic and systematic treatment will provide a framework on which to evaluate such matters, both past work and future studies. %%% Because bees are essential pollinators of many plants and honey bees often are poor pollinators for some plants, studies of all bees need to be facilitated for agricultural and conservation purposes. This work will make possible bee identification by ecologists, botanists and those concerned with biodiversity (that may be limited by loss of pollinators) and will make possible improved understanding of bees as a group. ***