Phylogeny and evolution of digger wasps based on molecular and morphological data, with special reference to their relationships to bees

Digger wasp（“蜂科”，即今天的寄生蜂）是一种在形态和行为上都不相同的刺蜂，即膜翅目，已知约有10,000种。它们被认为是一种非葡萄的人工类群，并非起源于其自身的茎类。与种类丰富的蜜蜂（蜂形目）一起，它们形成了一个得到良好支持的单系总总科。为了更好地了解包括蜜蜂在内的单系黄蜂亚群的系统发育和进化，研究单系黄蜂亚群具有重要意义。这也将有助于解决继蜜蜂姐妹群之后的一个重大而悬而未决的问题。为了实现这些目标，我们将根据分子和形态特征进行系统发育分析。该数据集将包括寄生蜂的所有高级分类群，这将产生大约100个终端分类群，包括外群。我们将对每个基因进行10个测序。我们还将从文献中提取相关的形态学字符，包括申请人提供的许多尚未发表的字符，这些字符将用于创建一个全面的数据矩阵。我们将在分支分析中使用这两个数据集，所得的树将作为apooid黄蜂和Apoidea内部特征进化假设的基础。

Digger wasps (“Sphecidae”, today apoid wasps) are a morphologically and behaviorally heterogeneous group of stinging, that is, aculeate Hymenoptera and comprises about 10,000 known species. They are considered to be a paraphyletic, artificial group, which does not originate from a stem species of its own. Together with the species-rich bees (Apiformes), they form a well-supported monophyletic Apoidea. In order to understand the phylogeny and evolution of the Apoidea including bees as well as the Aculeata in total, characterizing the monophyletic subgroups within apoid wasps is of great importance. This will also lead to solve the significant and still open question after the sistergroup of the bees. In order to achieve these goals, we will conduct phylogenetic analyses based on molecular and morphological characters. The dataset will comprise all higher-level taxa in apoid wasps, which will result in abpout 100 terminal taxa, including outgroups. For each we will sequence 10 genes. We will also extract relevant morphological characters from the literature, inuding many still unpublished characters provided by the applicants, which will be used to create a comprehensive datamatrix. We will employ both datasets in cladistic analysis, and the resulting trees will serve as a basis for hypotheses on character evolution in apoid wasps and within Apoidea.