The Role of Snow in Antarctic Sea Ice Development and Ocean-Atmosphere Energy Exchange

这项调查的目的是了解雪在罗斯海、阿蒙森海和别林豪森海季节性和常年海冰带中的海冰发展过程和大气-冰-海洋热交换相互作用中的作用。对海冰和雪特征的观察和测量将与海冰泛滥和雪进入冰盖的数值模式相结合，以了解海冰的热量和质量平衡，并量化南极海冰覆盖内的能量交换。使用RVIB纳撒尼尔·B·帕尔默的积雪测量计划将包括深度、颗粒大小和形态、密度、温度、热导率、水分含量和稳定的同位素比率。冰层测量计划将包括厚度、盐度、温度、密度、卤水含量和所含气体体积，以及季节性南极浮冰中冰屑、冰片和凝结冰的比例等结构特性。冰类型的不同是形成冰的环境不同的结果：脆性冰是在过冷的海水中形成的，通常是通过风或波浪引起的湍流形成的，而板状冰和凝结冰是在静止条件下形成的。碎屑冰的比例是上层海洋能量收支中的一个重要变量，对表层的稳定有重要的贡献。数值模型将涉及从液态水到冰的相变的热力学，以及由此产生的能量转移、卤水排放和积雪的调制效应。预计这些结果将对理解海冰过程在全球变化中的影响以及对南大洋的大气、海洋和遥感调查具有广泛的相关性和应用。

The goal of this investigation is to understand the role of snow in sea ice development processes and air-ice-ocean heat exchange interactions in the seasonal and perennial sea ice zones of the Ross Sea, the Amundsen Sea, and the Bellingshausen Sea. Observations and measurements of the characteristics of sea ice and snow will be combined with numerical models of sea-ice flooding and the entrainment of snow into the ice cover in order to gain an understanding of the sea-ice heat and mass balance, and to quantify the energy exchange within the antarctic sea-ice cover. The snow measurement program, using the RVIB Nathaniel B. Palmer, will include depth, grain size and morphology, density, temperature, thermal conductivity, water content, and stable isotope ratio. The ice measurement program will include thickness, salinity, temperature, density, brine content, and included gas volume, as well as such structural properties as the fraction of frazil, platelet, and congelation ice in the seasonal antarctic pack ice. Differences in ice types are the result of differences in the environment in which the ice forms: frazil ice is formed in supercooled sea water, normally through wind or wave-induced turbulence, while platelet and congelation ice is formed under quiescent conditions. The fraction of frazil ice is an important variable in the energy budget of the upper ocean, and contributes significantly to the stabilization of the surface layers. The numerical models will involve the thermodynamics of phase changes from liquid water to ice, along with the resulting energy transfer, brine expulsion, and the modulating effect of a snow cover. The results are expected to have broad relevance and application to understanding the effects of sea-ice processes in global change, and atmospheric, oceanographic, and remote sensing investigations of the Southern Ocean.