The Role of Snow in Antarctic Sea Ice Development and Ocean-Atmosphere Energy Exchange

本次调查的目的是了解在罗斯海、阿蒙森海和别令斯豪森海的季节性和多年生海冰区，雪在海冰发展过程和空气-冰-海洋热交换相互作用中的作用。海冰和雪特征的观测和测量将与海冰洪水和雪带入冰盖的数值模式相结合，以便了解海冰的热量和物质平衡，并量化南极海冰内部的能量交换。使用RVIB Nathaniel B. Palmer的雪测量项目将包括深度、晶粒尺寸和形态、密度、温度、热导率、含水量和稳定同位素比。冰的测量项目将包括厚度、盐度、温度、密度、盐水含量、含气体积，以及季节性南极浮冰中冰晶、血小板和凝结冰的比例等结构特性。冰类型的差异是冰形成环境差异的结果：冰是在过冷的海水中形成的，通常是通过风或波浪引起的湍流形成的，而血小板冰和凝冰是在静止条件下形成的。冰的比例是上层海洋能量收支的一个重要变量，对表层的稳定起着重要的作用。数值模型将涉及从液态水到冰的相变热力学，以及由此产生的能量转移、盐水排出和积雪的调节效应。研究结果对理解海冰过程对全球变化的影响，以及对南大洋的大气、海洋学和遥感调查具有广泛的相关性和应用价值。

The goal of this investigation is to understand the role of snow in sea ice development processes and air-ice-ocean heat exchange interactions in the seasonal and perennial sea ice zones of the Ross Sea, the Amundsen Sea, and the Bellingshausen Sea. Observations and measurements of the characteristics of sea ice and snow will be combined with numerical models of sea-ice flooding and the entrainment of snow into the ice cover in order to gain an understanding of the sea-ice heat and mass balance, and to quantify the energy exchange within the antarctic sea-ice cover. The snow measurement program, using the RVIB Nathaniel B. Palmer, will include depth, grain size and morphology, density, temperature, thermal conductivity, water content, and stable isotope ratio. The ice measurement program will include thickness, salinity, temperature, density, brine content, and included gas volume, as well as such structural properties as the fraction of frazil, platelet, and congelation ice in the seasonal antarctic pack ice. Differences in ice types are the result of differences in the environment in which the ice forms: frazil ice is formed in supercooled sea water, normally through wind or wave-induced turbulence, while platelet and congelation ice is formed under quiescent conditions. The fraction of frazil ice is an important variable in the energy budget of the upper ocean, and contributes significantly to the stabilization of the surface layers. The numerical models will involve the thermodynamics of phase changes from liquid water to ice, along with the resulting energy transfer, brine expulsion, and the modulating effect of a snow cover. The results are expected to have broad relevance and application to understanding the effects of sea-ice processes in global change, and atmospheric, oceanographic, and remote sensing investigations of the Southern Ocean.