The Role of Snow in Antarctic Sea Ice Development and Ocean-Atmosphere Energy Exchange

本次调查的目的是了解雪在罗斯海，阿蒙森海和别林斯高晋海的季节性和常年海冰区的海冰发展过程和空气-冰-海洋热交换相互作用中的作用。 海冰和雪特征的观察和测量将与海冰泛滥和雪夹带到冰盖中的数值模型相结合，以了解海冰热量和质量平衡，并量化能量交换南极海冰覆盖。 雪测量程序，使用RVI B纳撒尼尔B。 Palmer的数据将包括深度、粒度和形态、密度、温度、热导率、含水量和稳定同位素比。 冰测量计划将包括厚度、盐度、温度、密度、盐水含量和包含的气体体积，以及诸如季节性南极浮冰中的碎片、血小板和碎冰的分数等结构特性。 冰的类型不同是由于冰形成的环境不同：碎冰是在过冷的海水中形成的，通常是通过风或波浪引起的湍流，而片状冰和碎冰是在静止条件下形成的。 冰的分数是海洋上层能量收支的一个重要变量，并对表层的稳定性有重要贡献。 数值模型将涉及从液态水到冰的相变热力学，沿着产生的能量转移，盐水排出和积雪的调节作用。 预计这些结果将具有广泛的相关性和应用，以了解海冰过程在全球变化中的影响，以及南大洋的大气，海洋学和遥感调查。

The goal of this investigation is to understand the role of snow in sea ice development processes and air-ice-ocean heat exchange interactions in the seasonal and perennial sea ice zones of the Ross Sea, the Amundsen Sea, and the Bellingshausen Sea. Observations and measurements of the characteristics of sea ice and snow will be combined with numerical models of sea-ice flooding and the entrainment of snow into the ice cover in order to gain an understanding of the sea-ice heat and mass balance, and to quantify the energy exchange within the antarctic sea-ice cover. The snow measurement program, using the RVIB Nathaniel B. Palmer, will include depth, grain size and morphology, density, temperature, thermal conductivity, water content, and stable isotope ratio. The ice measurement program will include thickness, salinity, temperature, density, brine content, and included gas volume, as well as such structural properties as the fraction of frazil, platelet, and congelation ice in the seasonal antarctic pack ice. Differences in ice types are the result of differences in the environment in which the ice forms: frazil ice is formed in supercooled sea water, normally through wind or wave-induced turbulence, while platelet and congelation ice is formed under quiescent conditions. The fraction of frazil ice is an important variable in the energy budget of the upper ocean, and contributes significantly to the stabilization of the surface layers. The numerical models will involve the thermodynamics of phase changes from liquid water to ice, along with the resulting energy transfer, brine expulsion, and the modulating effect of a snow cover. The results are expected to have broad relevance and application to understanding the effects of sea-ice processes in global change, and atmospheric, oceanographic, and remote sensing investigations of the Southern Ocean.