Laboratory Cultures and Research Networks: Women Scientists and Community Building in Early Twentieth Century Nuclear Physics and Radiochemistry

9320188，PI-明智：科学政策制定者越来越清楚，这个国家保持其科学领导地位的唯一方法是不分种族，性别或身体残疾地培养科学人才。 太多的妇女和少数民族被阻止学习科学，因为她们发现科学对她们的存在不友好。 然而，情况并非总是如此。 本世纪上半叶的核物理学和放射化学提供了一个例子，说明科学家如何能够共同努力，促进妇女和少数民族参与最困难的科学领域的研究。 在Norton Wise教授的指导下，Teresa Hopper女士正在调查世纪最初几十年里，相当多的妇女在核物理和放射化学领域取得非凡成就的原因。 1900年至1939年间，一些杰出的女科学家在核物理学和放射化学领域做出了杰出的理论贡献;也有大量女性获得了高等学位并进行了高级研究，但她们的理论贡献不如那些更杰出的同行那么引人注目。 霍珀女士认为，妇女在这些领域取得的杰出成就并非偶然或巧合，而是这一时期妇女在这些领域的非凡参与是由本世纪初致力于将妇女纳入科学实践的知名男女科学家的积极努力促成的。 由于玛丽·居里、欧内斯特·卢瑟福和其他人的合作，创造了一个妇女可以在科学实践中取得成功的空间。 霍珀女士分析了女性在这些领域的成功，从支持她们研究的知名科学家的社会网络的存在;在核物理和放射化学领域创造的知识利基;以及提供了一种使她们能够蓬勃发展的氛围的实验室文化。她正在调查杰出的科学家对他们的领域做出的重要理论贡献。 不太突出的科学家也是相关的，因为他们在将实验室文化塑造成女性可以在科学实践中取得成功的地方方面发挥了作用。

9320188, PI-Wise: It has become increasingly obvious to science policy makers that the only way this country can maintain its leadership in science is to advance scientific talent regardless of race, gender or physical handicaps. Too many women and minorities have been discouraged from studying science because they have found it inhospitable to their presence. Yet, such was not always the case. Nuclear physics and radiochemistry in the first part of this century offer an example of how scientists can work together to promote the participation of women and minorities in the study of the most difficult of scientific areas. Under the direction of Professor Norton Wise, Ms. Teresa Hopper is investigating the reasons for the extraordinary levels of success achieved by a relatively large number of women in the fields of nuclear physics and radiochemistry in the early decades of the twentieth century. A number of prominent women scientists made outstanding theoretical contributions to the fields of nuclear physics and radiochemistry between 1900 and 1939; and there also existed a large number of women who received advanced degrees and performed advanced research, but whose theoretical contributions were less dramatic than those of their more prominent counterparts. Ms. Hopper argues that the outstanding success of women in these fields is no accident or coincidence, but rather, that women's extraordinary participation in these fields in this period was brought about by the active efforts of established men and women scientists who were committed to including women in the practice of science in the early years of this century. As a result of the cooperation of Marie Curie, Ernest Rutherford and others, a space was created in which women could succeed in scientific practice. Ms. Hopper is analyzing women's success in these fields in terms of the existence of a social n etwork of established scientists who supported their researches; an intellectual niche that was created in domains of nuclear physics and radiochemistry; and a laboratory culture that provided an atmosphere in which they could flourish. She is investigating prominent scientists for the important theoretical contributions they made to their fields. Less prominent scientists are also relevant because of their role in shaping the laboratory cultures into places where women could succeed in scientific practice.