Doctoral Dissertation Research: Science in the Deep: America and British Contributions to the Development of Oceanography

9320247科勒海洋学和高能物理(HEP)和天文学一样，是一门“大”科学。许多海洋研究需要非常庞大的研究人员团队和技术支持人员，以及对仪器、设施、钻井平台等的大量投资。事实上，海洋学是包括物理学在内的所有科学中人均资金最高的科学。与HEP和天文学不同，海洋学更多地是一门跨学科的科学，吸引了拥有生物、物理、化学和地质学等领域学位的科学家。此外，许多科学都具有实际应用价值。尽管--或者可能是因为--这种跨学科和实际的经济影响，海洋学的历史几乎没有被研究过。海伦·罗兹瓦多夫斯基在科勒博士的指导下，正在研究美国和英国海洋学的起源。在19世纪，深海在很大程度上是深不可测的：这条危险的小路成了商业和军事工作的场所，规模空前。然而，由于商业上的需要，科学家们在19世纪80年代的S的驱使下试图了解海洋表面下发生了什么。罗兹瓦多夫斯基已经承担了她的美国研究的一半。有了这份学位证书，她将能够完成这个项目的英国部分。英国对深海的调查牢牢植根于和平时期科学探索的悠久传统，一群自然科学家组成了英国科学促进会的各种疏浚委员会，给深海及其奇怪的居民带来了新的问题。海底电报是这些研究的主要推动者。政治家和实业家们向科学家和工程师们提出的问题是，如何通过水下电报电缆将帝国的各个部分连接起来，在那里“太阳永远不会落下”。为了实现这一目标，科学工作者不得不借用从采矿提升机到钢琴钢丝的各种工业技术。要想获得关于深海的科学知识，海洋学家需要将自然历史与现有的海洋惯例和习俗结合起来，通常是在狭小的空间、严苛的纪律、恶劣的天气和糟糕的食物等困难的物理条件下。海上科学工作涉及一系列复杂的关系--军官和普通海员、军人和平民绅士、博物学家、水手和登陆者。这些关系及其海上谈判所固有的冲突和合作潜力影响了海洋工作的实践。通过研究海洋科学是如何从英国和美国截然不同的文化中产生的，罗兹瓦多夫斯基承诺将极大地扩展我们对这门科学是如何在当今最大的科学之一中发展起来的理解。***

9320247 Kohler Oceanography, like high energy physics (HEP) and astronomy, is a "big" science. Much of the study of the oceans requires very large teams of researchers with support technicians and massive investments for instrumentation, facilities, drilling platforms, etc. Indeed, oceanography is the most highly-funded per capita of all sciences, including physics. Unlike HEP and astronomy, oceanography is much more an interdisciplinary science drawing on scientists whose degrees are in fields like biology, physics, chemistry, and geology. Further, much of the science has practical application. Despite--or perhaps because of--this interdisciplinarity and practical, economic implications, the history of oceanography has hardly been examined. Helen Rozwadowski, under the direction of Dr. Kohler, is examining the origins of oceanography in the United States and Britain. In the 19th century, the deep ocean was largely unfathomable: a dangerous byway that became a location for commercial and military work on an unprecedented scale. Because of commercial necessity, however, scientists were driven by the 1880's to attempt to understand what transpired below the surface of the oceans. Ms. Rozwadowski has already undertaken the American half of her study. With this dissertation grant, she will be able to fill out the British part of this program. British investigation of the deep ocean was firmly rooted in the long tradition of peace-time scientific exploration, to which a group of natural scientists who formed the various Dredging Committees of the British Association for the Advancement of Science brought new questions about the deep ocean and its strange inhabitants. Submarine telegraphy was a primary instigator for these studies. The question the politicians and industrialists gave to the scientists and engineers was how to link via underwater telegraph cable various parts of the empire upon which "the sun never set." To accomplish this goal, scient ists had to borrow industrial technologies ranging from mining hoists to piano wire. Producing scientific knowledge about the deep ocean required oceanographers to integrate natural history with existing maritime practices and customs, usually under difficult physical conditions of constrained space, harsh discipline, bad weather, and worse food. Scientific work at sea involved a series of complex relationships -- between officers and common seamen, military men and civilian gentleman naturalists, mariners and landlubbers. The conflicts and potential for cooperation inherent in these relationships and their negotiation at sea shaped the practice of oceanographic work. By examining how the science of oceanography rose out of the very different cultures of Britain and the United States, Ms. Rozwadowski promises to expand greatly our understanding of how this science developed in one of the biggest of big sciences today. ***