Doctoral Dissertation Research: Science in the Deep: America and British Contributions to the Development of Oceanography

9320247科勒海洋学与高能物理学（HEP）和天文学一样，是一门“大”科学。 大部分的海洋研究需要非常大的研究人员团队与支持技术人员和仪器，设施，钻井平台等的大量投资，事实上，海洋学是所有科学，包括物理学的人均资金最高。 与HEP和天文学不同，海洋学更像是一门跨学科的科学，吸引了生物学，物理学，化学和地质学等领域的科学家。 此外，许多科学都有实际应用。 尽管-或者也许是因为-这种跨学科性和实际的经济影响，海洋学的历史几乎没有被研究过。 海伦·罗兹瓦多夫斯基在科勒博士的指导下，正在研究海洋学在美国和英国的起源。 在19世纪，深海在很大程度上是深不可测的：一条危险的小路，以前所未有的规模成为商业和军事工作的场所。 然而，由于商业上的需要，科学家们在19世纪80年代开始试图了解海洋表面下发生了什么。 罗兹瓦多夫斯基女士已经完成了她在美国的那一半研究。 有了这个论文补助金，她将能够填写这个程序的英国部分。英国对深海的调查深深植根于和平时期科学探索的悠久传统，一群自然科学家组成了英国科学促进会的各个疏浚委员会，他们提出了关于深海及其奇怪居民的新问题。 海底电报是这些研究的主要推动者。 政治家和实业家向科学家和工程师提出的问题是，如何通过水下电报电缆将帝国的各个部分连接起来，因为这些部分“太阳永远不会落下”。为了实现这一目标，科学家们不得不借用从采矿提升机到钢琴丝等工业技术。 产生有关深海的科学知识需要海洋学家将自然历史与现有的海洋实践和习俗相结合，通常是在空间有限，纪律苛刻，天气恶劣和食物更差的困难物理条件下。海上的科学工作涉及一系列复杂的关系--军官与普通海员、军人与平民绅士、博物学家、水手与旱鸭子。 这些关系中固有的冲突和合作潜力及其在海上的谈判决定了海洋学工作的做法。 通过研究海洋学科学如何从英国和美国截然不同的文化中崛起，罗兹瓦多夫斯基女士承诺大大扩展我们对这门科学如何在当今最大的大科学之一中发展的理解。 ***

9320247 Kohler Oceanography, like high energy physics (HEP) and astronomy, is a "big" science. Much of the study of the oceans requires very large teams of researchers with support technicians and massive investments for instrumentation, facilities, drilling platforms, etc. Indeed, oceanography is the most highly-funded per capita of all sciences, including physics. Unlike HEP and astronomy, oceanography is much more an interdisciplinary science drawing on scientists whose degrees are in fields like biology, physics, chemistry, and geology. Further, much of the science has practical application. Despite--or perhaps because of--this interdisciplinarity and practical, economic implications, the history of oceanography has hardly been examined. Helen Rozwadowski, under the direction of Dr. Kohler, is examining the origins of oceanography in the United States and Britain. In the 19th century, the deep ocean was largely unfathomable: a dangerous byway that became a location for commercial and military work on an unprecedented scale. Because of commercial necessity, however, scientists were driven by the 1880's to attempt to understand what transpired below the surface of the oceans. Ms. Rozwadowski has already undertaken the American half of her study. With this dissertation grant, she will be able to fill out the British part of this program. British investigation of the deep ocean was firmly rooted in the long tradition of peace-time scientific exploration, to which a group of natural scientists who formed the various Dredging Committees of the British Association for the Advancement of Science brought new questions about the deep ocean and its strange inhabitants. Submarine telegraphy was a primary instigator for these studies. The question the politicians and industrialists gave to the scientists and engineers was how to link via underwater telegraph cable various parts of the empire upon which "the sun never set." To accomplish this goal, scient ists had to borrow industrial technologies ranging from mining hoists to piano wire. Producing scientific knowledge about the deep ocean required oceanographers to integrate natural history with existing maritime practices and customs, usually under difficult physical conditions of constrained space, harsh discipline, bad weather, and worse food. Scientific work at sea involved a series of complex relationships -- between officers and common seamen, military men and civilian gentleman naturalists, mariners and landlubbers. The conflicts and potential for cooperation inherent in these relationships and their negotiation at sea shaped the practice of oceanographic work. By examining how the science of oceanography rose out of the very different cultures of Britain and the United States, Ms. Rozwadowski promises to expand greatly our understanding of how this science developed in one of the biggest of big sciences today. ***