Need for Closure Effects on Interpersonal Phenomena

封闭需求对人际现象的影响

• 批准号: 9417422
• 负责人: Arie Kruglanski
• 金额: $ 21.38万
• 依托单位: University of Maryland, College Park
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 项目类别: Continuing Grant
• 财政年份: 1995
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 1995-03-01 至 1999-02-28
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=9417422&HistoricalAwards=false
• 关键词: Need; Closure; Effects; Interpersonal; Phenomena

9417422 Nine experiments will be executed over a three year period. They test predictions of a motivated social cognition model in which a major role is accorded the need for cognitive closure (Kruglanski, 1990). The need for closure represents a desire for firm knowledge. Its effects on social cognition are assumed to be mediated by two broad tendencies, toward immediacy and security of gratification. The immediacy-tendency implies the inclination, under heightened need for closure to "seize" on early hypotheses, and the security tendency to "freeze" upon them and stay relatively impervious to subsequent information. The proposed research applies the model to three major issues at the interpersonal level of analysis: persuasion, social perception accuracy and communication. Accordingly, three thematic projects are devoted respectively to these problem areas. Project 1 includes three experiments on the process whereby individuals under high (versus low) need for closure are persuaded by, and persuade, others. Project 2 includes three experiments testing various aspects of the hypothesis that need for closure may in some conditions increase the accuracy of social perception as well as the extent to which individuals with such need are accurately perceived by others. Project 3 includes three studies testing need for closure effects on communicators' tendency to take into account the conversational context of social discourse and audience characteristics. The methodological approach in the present research adopts the principle of multiple operationalism in assessing or manipulating the need for closure. Accordingly, need for closure will be (1) assessed as an individual difference dimension, and manipulated via (2) environmental noise, (3) task attractiveness, (4) mental fatigue and (5) accuracy instructions. The major significance of the project lies in exploring how the process of motivated social cognition, affected by diverse situational conditions and personality tendencies, may impact fund amental social psychological phenomena as persuasion social perception accuracy, and communication. This research explores the way various stressors pervasively present in contemporary urban settings affect individuals judgment and decision making processes. Furthermore, because judgment and decision making typically occur in social interaction contexts those stressors may indirectly affect the way individuals interact with each other. Generally, it is assumed that the various stressors induce a tendency toward closed-mindedness, referred to here as the "need for cognitive closure". The major stressors assessed in the present project will be (1) environmental noise, (2) mental fatigue, (3) boredom and dullness of tasks. Individuals' stable tendency toward close-mindedness will also be assessed via a scale developed especially for this purpose. Finally, we shall investigate the degree to which the inclination toward close mindedness can be counteracted by the goal of accuracy in judgment. The research will investigate three interpersonal processes from the need for closure perspective: persuasion, social perception and communication. It promises to identify the environmental conditions that limit the efficacy of judgment and decision making in social contexts, hence to point to possible ameliorating conditions for carrying out these activities.

9417422 将在三年内进行九次实验。他们测试了有动机的社会认知模型的预测，其中一个主要角色是认知闭合的需要（Kruglanski，1990）。封闭的需要代表了对坚定知识的渴望。它对社会认知的影响被认为是由两个广泛的倾向，对即时性和安全的满足。即时性倾向意味着倾向，在高度需要封闭的情况下，“抓住”早期的假设，而安全倾向则“冻结”它们，并保持相对不受后续信息的影响。拟议的研究将该模型应用于三个主要问题在人际层面的分析：说服，社会感知的准确性和沟通。因此，有三个专题项目分别针对这些问题领域。项目1包括三个实验的过程中，个人在高（与低）需要关闭被说服，并说服他人。项目2包括三个实验测试的假设，需要关闭可能在某些条件下增加社会感知的准确性，以及在何种程度上，个人与这种需要被他人准确感知的各个方面。项目3包括三项研究，测试需要关闭的影响，沟通者的倾向，考虑到社会话语的会话背景和观众的特点。本研究的方法论采用了多重操作主义的原则来评估或操纵关闭的需要。因此，关闭需求将（1）作为个体差异维度进行评估，并通过（2）环境噪音，（3）任务吸引力，（4）精神疲劳和（5）准确性指令进行操纵。本研究的主要意义在于探讨受不同情境条件和人格倾向影响的动机性社会认知过程如何影响说服、社会认知准确性和沟通等基本的社会心理现象。 本研究探讨了当代城市环境中普遍存在的各种压力因素如何影响个人的判断和决策过程。此外，由于判断和决策通常发生在社会互动环境中，这些压力源可能会间接影响个人相互交往的方式。一般来说，人们认为各种压力源会导致思维封闭的倾向，在这里被称为“认知封闭的需要”。本研究评估的主要压力源为（1）环境噪音，（2）精神疲劳，（3）工作的无聊和枯燥。个人的稳定倾向于封闭的思想也将通过一个规模进行评估，特别是为此目的而开发的。最后，我们将研究在何种程度上，思维封闭的倾向可以被判断准确性的目标所抵消。本研究将从关闭需求的角度探讨三个人际过程： 说服力、社会感知和沟通。它承诺识别在社会背景下限制判断和决策效率的环境条件，从而指出可能改善进行这些活动的条件。