The Newest Law Merchant: Private Commercial Law in the U.S.

9422795伯恩斯坦这个项目分析了一种在美国商业经济中变得非常重要但在很大程度上被法律学者忽视的法律：由行业协会制定并通过协会运营的仲裁庭执行的私人商法。这一私法存在于各种行业，如粮食、纺织、橡胶、电影和钻石。它体现在详细规则和标准格式合同中，这些合同涵盖了与《统一商法典》(UCC)相同的商业交易的大部分方面。这些规则由贸易的习俗和惯例以及特定行业的道德准则补充，这些准则规定了界定适当商业行为的标准。这些标准类似于UCC的诚信和公平交易义务，但往往要具体得多。执行这些规则的法庭根据详细的程序守则运作。这个项目将探索为什么这些私法制度得以发展和延续。除了对几个私法制度进行深入的案例研究外，该项目还将建立一个贸易规则、标准格式合同、道德规则、协会章程和程序规则的数据库，以及通过访谈获得的协会信息。试图确立私商法律的实质和范围，并将其与国家制定的正式商法进行比较和对比。这一分析将发表在一本名为《最新的法律商人：美国的私人商法》的书中。它将侧重于发展私法制度的原因、与使用私法制度相关的成本和利益，以及执行法庭在不诉诸法院的情况下实现遵守其裁决的机制。因此，它将有助于理解美国在私人和公共领域的争端解决。这个项目分析了一种在美国商业经济中变得非常重要的法律类型，但法律学者在很大程度上忽视了这一类型的法律：由行业协会制定并通过协会运营的仲裁庭执行的私人商法。这一私法存在于各种行业，如粮食、纺织、橡胶、电影和钻石。执行这些规则的法庭根据详细的程序守则运作。这个项目将探索为什么这些私法制度得以发展和延续。除了对几个私法制度进行深入的案例研究外，该项目还将建立一个贸易规则、标准格式合同、道德规则、协会章程和程序规则的数据库，以及通过访谈获得的协会信息。试图确立私商法律的实质和范围，并将其与国家制定的正式商法进行比较和对比。它将侧重于发展私法制度的原因、与使用私法制度相关的成本和利益，以及执行法庭在不诉诸法院的情况下实现遵守其裁决的机制。因此，它将有助于理解美国在私人和公共领域的争端解决。

9422795 Bernstein This project analyzes a type of law that has become very important in the business economy of the United States, but that has been largely ignored by legal scholars: private commercial law developed by trade associations and enforced through association-run arbitration tribunals. This private law exists in a wide variety of industries such as grain, textiles, rubber, movies, and diamonds. It is embodied in detailed rules and standard form contracts that cover most of the same aspects of commercial transactions as the Uniform Commercial Code (UCC). These rules are supplemented by customs and usages of trade as well as by industry specific ethical codes that set out standards defining proper commercial behavior. These standards are similar to the UCC's obligations of good faith and fair dealing, but tend to be far more specific. The tribunals that enforce these rules operate under detailed procedural codes. This project will explore why these private legal systems developed and endured. In addition to in-depth case studies of several private law systems, the project will create a data base of trade rules, standard form contracts, ethical rules, association bylaws, and procedural rules, as well as information about the associations obtained through interviews. It will seek to establish the substance and extent of private commercial law and compare and contrast this law with the formal commercial law produced by the state. The analysis will be presented in a book entitled THE NEWEST LAW MERCHANT: PRIVATE COMMERCIAL LAW IN THE UNITED STATES. It will focus on the reasons for the development of the private law systems, the costs and benefits associated with their use, and the mechanisms through which the enforcing tribunals achieve compliance with their rulings without recourse to the courts. It will thus make a contribution to understanding dispute resolution in the United States in both the private and public spheres. %%%% This project analyzes a type of law that h as become very important in the business economy of the United States, but that has been largely ignored by legal scholars: private commercial law developed by trade associations and enforced through association-run arbitration tribunals. This private law exists in a wide variety of industries such as grain, textiles, rubber, movies, and diamonds. The tribunals that enforce these rules operate under detailed procedural codes. This project will explore why these private legal systems developed and endured. In addition to in-depth case studies of several private law systems, the project will create a data base of trade rules, standard form contracts, ethical rules, association bylaws, and procedural rules, as well as information about the associations obtained through interviews. It will seek to establish the substance and extent of private commercial law and compare and contrast this law with the formal commercial law produced by the state. It will focus on the reasons for the development of the private law systems, the costs and benefits associated with their use, and the mechanisms through which the enforcing tribunals achieve compliance with their rulings without recourse to the courts. It will thus make a contribution to understanding dispute resolution in the United States in both the private and public spheres.