Comparative Experimental Studies in Avian Flight: Mechanical Power Output, Neuromuscular Control, 3-D Flight Kinematics, and Field Flight Behavior

鸟类飞行的比较实验研究：机械功率输出、神经肌肉控制、3-D 飞行运动学和野外飞行行为

• 批准号: 9507503
• 负责人: Kenneth Dial
• 金额: $ 32.45万
• 依托单位: University of Montana
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 项目类别: Continuing Grant
• 财政年份: 1995
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 1995-08-01 至 2001-12-31
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=9507503&HistoricalAwards=false
• 关键词: Comparative; Experimental; Studies; Avian; Flight

9507503 Dial Flight is the most common form of animal locomotion and birds represent one of nature's finest locomotor experiments. Recent studies are providing new insights into the intricacies of the biomechanics, neuromuscular control, and the range of behaviors associated with aerial locomotion. To interpret more clearly internal and external mechanisms associated with avian wing and tail movements during different modes of flight, Dr. Dial will employ several recently developed techniques (e.g., sonomicrometry, miniature tendon force-buckle recording, and 3-D infra-red, high-speed video motion analysis) along with well-established methods (e.g., electromyography, strain gauge implantation, high-speed 16mm cinematography) as birds fly within a variable-speed wind tunnel and flight obstacle course. A number of separate projects are planned. 1) To determine how force production from the principal locomotor muscle (m. pectoralis) scales with body size, four species of birds (House sparrows, Black-billed magpies, Common ravens, and Canada geese), spanning a wide range of body sizes (25g to 4000g), will be implanted with strain gauges and recorded during different modes of flight. Data from the two species will be augmented with in vivo sonomicrometric recordings to obtain more reliable measurements of pectoralis length changes during each wingbeat cycle, thus permitting more accurate estimates of mechanical work generated by the wings. 2) Tendon force buckle and electromyographic analyses will more accurately evaluate force production and activity patterns of key flight muscles within the wings of crows. 3) Strain records from wing skeletal elements and flight feathers of pigeons will significantly improve the understanding of wing kinematics as well as measure aerodynamic forces imposed on the flight apparatus. 4) Infra-red, high-speed motion analyses will produce the first 3-dimensional records of wings and tails of pigeons during maneuvering (asymmetrical) flight and of magpies d uring wind tunnel (symmetrical) flight over a wide range of speeds. ***

9507503拨号 飞行是动物运动中最常见的形式，而鸟类则是自然界最好的运动实验之一。 最近的研究为复杂的生物力学、神经肌肉控制以及与空中运动相关的行为范围提供了新的见解。 为了更清楚地解释在不同飞行模式下与鸟类翅膀和尾巴运动相关的内部和外部机制，戴尔博士将采用几种最近开发的技术（例如，声测显微术、微型肌腱力-屈曲记录和3-D红外、高速视频运动分析）沿着公认的方法（例如，肌电图、应变计植入、高速16 mm电影摄影术），因为鸟类在变速风洞和飞行障碍跑道内飞行。 计划开展一些单独的项目。 1)为了确定如何从主要运动肌肉（m。为了测量鸟类（例如，鸟喙（pectoralis））鳞片与身体大小之间的关系，将在四种鸟类（家雀、黑嘴喜鹊、普通乌鸦和加拿大鹅）中植入应变计，并在不同的飞行模式下记录。 从这两个物种的数据将增加在体内sonomicrometric记录，以获得更可靠的测量胸肌长度的变化，在每个wingbeat周期，从而允许更准确的估计所产生的机械工作的翅膀。 2)肌腱力屈曲和肌电图分析将更准确地评估乌鸦翅膀内关键飞行肌肉的力产生和活动模式。 3)从鸽子的翅膀骨骼元素和飞行羽毛的应变记录将显着提高翅膀运动学的理解，以及测量施加在飞行装置上的气动力。 4)对鸽子在机动（不对称）飞行中的翅膀和尾巴以及喜鹊在风洞（对称）飞行中在宽速度范围内的翅膀和尾巴的三维运动分析将产生第一个三维记录。 ***