An Examination of the Dynamic Stability of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet by Numerical Modeling

这个小企业创新研究的第一阶段项目涉及两种商业上重要的高附加值碳水化合物中间体的直接电合成。要研究的第一个转化是糖酸的氧化脱羧，例如d -葡萄糖酸（或其盐类）转化为d -阿拉伯糖。第二种转化是1,2-二醇裂解为二羰基化合物，如甘露醇二丙酮转化为2,3-异丙基-d -甘油醛；这个反应通常是用高碘酸钠完成的，但从成本和环境的角度来看，直接合成是更可取的。d -阿拉伯糖和异丙基甘油醛本身都是重要和有用的中间体，但为了证明所研究过程的普遍性，每个过程将扩展到另一个底物。对于每个指定的工艺，将在第一阶段评估一些阳极材料；此外，还考察了溶剂和pH值的影响。还将对选定的工序进行一些小规模的优化研究。在I期工作成功完成后，II期研究将包括进一步优化和评估流动细胞中的过程，以及扩展到其他底物。清洁、高效的醛脲合成方法和1,2-二醇裂解方法的出现，将使各种有价值的化学中间体的生产具有成本效益。这将给美国的化学和制药行业带来好处。

9561604 Kendall This Small Business Innovation Research Phase I project is involved with the direct electrosynthesis of two types of commercially important, high value-added carbohydrate intermediates. The first transformation to be studied is the oxidative decarboxylation of a sugar acid, as exemplified by conversion of D-gluconic acid (or salts thereof) to D-arabinose. The second transformation is the cleavage of a 1,2-diol to a dicarbonyl compound, as exemplified by the conversion of mannitol diacetonide to 2,3-isopropylidene-D-glyceraldehyde; this reaction is customarily accomplished using sodium periodate, but a direct synthesis would be preferable from both cost and environmental standpoints. Both D-arabinose and isopropylidene glyceraldehyde are important and useful intermediates in their own right, but in order to demonstrate the generality of the processes studied, each process will be extended to another substrate. For each of the specified processes, a number of anode materials will be evaluated in Phase I; in addition, the effects of solvent and pH will be examined. Some small-scale optimization studies will also be carried out on a selected process. Upon successful completion of the Phase I work, Phase II studies would include further optimization and evaluation of the processes in flow cells, as well as extension to other substrates. The availability of clean, efficient methods for the synthesis of aldopentoses and for the cleavage of 1,2-diols will allow for the cost-effective manufacture of a wide range of valuable chemical intermediates. This will provide benefits to the US chemical and pharmaceutical industries.