Models, Data, Technology, and Politics: Climate Science in Historical Context

这项提议将支持对气候科学的三个关键方面进行最后研究和撰写一本书，因为气候科学自第二次世界大战以来一直在演变：气候模型(特别是全球大气环流模型)、收集全球气象数据的网络以及建模、数据收集和数据处理的新技术(主要是计算机和卫星)。这些领域的发展--现代气候科学最重要的基础--紧密交织在一起，相互依存。这本书将通过将这些相互依存关系置于更广泛的政治史中来阐明它们的重要性。早期的天气和气候模型是在冷战背景下开发的，包括作为可能的战争武器的天气和气候控制。冷战后期，随着国际地球物理年和后续国际项目的开展，数据收集方面的国际合作成为建立信任议程的一部分。随着环保运动的兴起，全球气候变化开始作为一个政策问题得到承认。从1988年开始，人为的全球变暖成为一个重要的公共政策问题。从那时起，全球气候变化一直是国际舞台上争论最激烈的基于科学的政策问题之一。该项目涉及图书馆和档案研究以及口述历史访谈，将产生大量的文章和演示文稿，以及首批与书本一样长的气候科学史之一。这本书将解释这些模型如何工作，气候数据从哪里来，如何处理，以及技术发展如何影响关于气候变化的知识的性质。它还将讨论科学/政策互动这一重要话题。最后，这本书将有助于我们理解全球化的一种重要但尚未得到充分研究的形式：科学知识、技术和工具的传播。全球数据网络需要高水平的标准化，在全世界的实践和理解中创造新的共同点。随着气候政治的出现，他们是创造全球体系、全球问题和全球共同利益概念的力量之一。

This proposal would support final research and writing of a book on three key aspects of climate science as it has evolved since World War II: climate models (especially global general circulation models), networks for gathering global meteorological data, and new technologies for modeling, data collection, and data treatment (primarily computers and satellites). Developments in these areas-the most essential underpinnings of modern climate science-were tightly intertwined and interdependent. The book will illuminate the significance of these interdependencies by framing them within a broader political history. Early weather and climate models were developed in a Cold War context, including weather and climate control as possible weapons of war. Later in the Cold War, with the International Geophysical Year and successor international projects, international collaboration for data collection served as part of a trust-building agenda. With the rise of the environmental movement, global climate change began to achieve recognition as a policy issue. Anthropogenic global warming became an important public policy issue beginning in 1988. Since then, global climate change has been among the most hotly debated science-based policy issues in the international arena. Involving library and archival research and oral history interviews, this project will result in numerous articles and presentations, as well as one of the first book-length histories of climate science. The book will explain how such models work, where climate data come from and how they are processed, and how technological development has influenced the nature of knowledge about climate change. It will also treat the important topic of science/policy interaction. Finally, the book will contribute to our understanding of a crucial, but insufficiently studied form of globalization: the dissemination of scientific knowledge, techniques, and instrumentation. Global data networks require high levels of standardization, creating new commonalities in practice and understanding worldwide. With the emergence of climate politics, they are among the forces creating concepts of global systems, global problems, and global common interests.