Farming systems and land use from Neolithic to 1800 AD in their mutual interactions with population size

从新石器时代到公元 1800 年的农业系统和土地利用与人口规模的相互作用

• 批准号: 120626474
• 负责人: Professor Dr. Andreas Zimmermann
• 金额: --
• 依托单位: Institut für Ur- und Frühgeschichte
• 依托单位国家: 德国
• 项目类别: Research Grants
• 财政年份: 2009
• 资助国家: 德国
• 起止时间: 2008-12-31 至 2017-12-31
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://gepris.dfg.de/gepris/projekt/120626474?language=en
• 关键词: Farming; systems; land; use; Neolithic

This project aims at modelling farming systems from selected periods with well-known population densities between the Neolithic and the transition to the Industrial Revolution. The scenarios are based on archaeological as well as historical observations and on archaeobotanical as well as archaeozoological data. The models for early Neolithic in Central Europe and the time of 1800 AD are completed now with a text ready for publication. Compared with the last report the modules -energy demand-, -collected plants-, and -location of bandkeramic fields- were added and the database concerning animal husbandry could be enhanced. In addition, data for the next two target time slices had to be recorded, for the Iron Age as well as the Roman Empire. Average energy demand (kcal / person / day) was derived by evaluation of life tables considering age and sex within populations from all periods considered by the project (application Abb. 1). Within the module -collected plants-, first a balance sheet of nutrients, vitamins and minerals included in the foodstuffs of early Neolithic covering the energy demand from plants and animals was calculated. It is possible to cover the remaining deficits by berries and hazel nuts quite accurately for the population density of this time according to yields for these plants compiled by A. S. Keene 1981 for the North American woodland. Only a small shortage of salt remains (0,5g/P/day). The module -location of bandkeramic fields- is based on calculations of space needed to produce the necessary foodstuffs, differentiated concerning different densities within the Bandkeramik. An earlier published version aiming at minimal space is compared with a new scenario of maximal field size with fallows. The essential differences are compiled in Tab. 1 and visualized in Abb. 4 and 5. Even if 20% of energy demand are delivered by animal products only less than 70% of the space available is used. Assuming that fallows were attractive for animals and their dung fertilises the soil, the amount of nitrogen reaches only a magnitude of 5% of the allowance for organic farming today. In the early Neolithic only 0,2% of the space were used for fields, whereas at 1800 AD more the 40% of the space in the Rhineland is fields (report chapter 4.3, Abb. 54).

该项目旨在模拟新石器时代和向工业革命过渡期间人口密度众所周知的选定时期的农业系统。这些情景是基于考古和历史观察以及考古植物学和考古动物学数据。中欧新石器时代早期和公元1800年的模型现在已经完成，并准备出版。与上一份报告相比，增加了能源需求、收集的植物和带状牧场的位置等模块，并可加强有关畜牧业的数据库。此外，还必须记录下铁器时代和罗马帝国的下两个目标时间段的数据。平均能量需求（千卡/人/天）是通过评估生命表得出的，该生命表考虑了项目所考虑的所有时期人口的年龄和性别（应用程序Abb.1）。在收集的植物模块中，首先计算了新石器时代早期食物中包含的营养素、维生素和矿物质的平衡表，涵盖了植物和动物的能量需求。根据A。S.基恩1981年为北美林地。只有少量的盐短缺（0.5g/P/天）。该模块-Bandkeramic领域的位置-是基于计算所需的空间来生产必要的食品，区分关于不同密度内Bandkeramik。一个较早出版的版本，旨在最小的空间进行比较，一个新的方案，最大的领域大小与休耕。表中列出了主要区别。1，并在Abb. 4和5中可视化。即使20%的能源需求是由动物产品提供的，也只有不到70%的可用空间被使用。假设休耕对动物有吸引力，它们的粪便可以使土壤肥沃，那么氮的含量只达到今天有机农业允许量的5%。在新石器时代早期，只有0.2%的空间被用作田地，而在公元1800年，莱茵兰的40%以上的空间是田地（报告第4.3章，abb.54）。