Farming systems and land use from Neolithic to 1800 AD in their mutual interactions with population size

该项目旨在模拟新石器时代到工业革命过渡期间已知人口密度的选定时期的农业系统。这些情景是基于考古和历史观察，以及考古植物学和考古动物学数据。中欧新石器时代早期和公元1800年的模型现已完成，并有文本准备出版。与上一份报告相比，本报告增加了能源需求、植物收集、农田选址等模块，进一步完善了畜牧业数据库。此外，必须记录下两个目标时间片的数据，分别是铁器时代和罗马帝国。平均能量需求（千卡/人/天）是通过评估考虑了项目所考虑的所有时期人口的年龄和性别的生命表得出的（应用Abb. 1）。在收集植物的模块中，首先计算了新石器时代早期食物中包含的营养物质、维生素和矿物质的资产负债表，涵盖了植物和动物的能量需求。根据A. S. Keene 1981年为北美林地编制的这些植物的产量，浆果和榛子可以相当准确地弥补这一时期人口密度的剩余不足。只剩下少量的盐短缺（0.5克/天）。模块- Bandkeramik场的位置-基于生产必要食物所需的空间计算，根据Bandkeramik内不同的密度进行区分。较早发布的以最小空间为目标的版本与最大字段大小的新场景进行了比较。基本差异汇编在表1中，并在图4和图5中显示。即使20%的能源需求是由动物产品提供的，也只使用了不到70%的可用空间。假设休耕区对动物有吸引力，它们的粪便使土壤肥沃，那么现在有机农业的氮肥用量仅为5%。在新石器时代早期，只有0.2%的空间被用于田地，而在公元1800年，莱茵兰超过40%的空间被用于田地（报告第4.3章，Abb. 54）。

This project aims at modelling farming systems from selected periods with well-known population densities between the Neolithic and the transition to the Industrial Revolution. The scenarios are based on archaeological as well as historical observations and on archaeobotanical as well as archaeozoological data. The models for early Neolithic in Central Europe and the time of 1800 AD are completed now with a text ready for publication. Compared with the last report the modules -energy demand-, -collected plants-, and -location of bandkeramic fields- were added and the database concerning animal husbandry could be enhanced. In addition, data for the next two target time slices had to be recorded, for the Iron Age as well as the Roman Empire. Average energy demand (kcal / person / day) was derived by evaluation of life tables considering age and sex within populations from all periods considered by the project (application Abb. 1). Within the module -collected plants-, first a balance sheet of nutrients, vitamins and minerals included in the foodstuffs of early Neolithic covering the energy demand from plants and animals was calculated. It is possible to cover the remaining deficits by berries and hazel nuts quite accurately for the population density of this time according to yields for these plants compiled by A. S. Keene 1981 for the North American woodland. Only a small shortage of salt remains (0,5g/P/day). The module -location of bandkeramic fields- is based on calculations of space needed to produce the necessary foodstuffs, differentiated concerning different densities within the Bandkeramik. An earlier published version aiming at minimal space is compared with a new scenario of maximal field size with fallows. The essential differences are compiled in Tab. 1 and visualized in Abb. 4 and 5. Even if 20% of energy demand are delivered by animal products only less than 70% of the space available is used. Assuming that fallows were attractive for animals and their dung fertilises the soil, the amount of nitrogen reaches only a magnitude of 5% of the allowance for organic farming today. In the early Neolithic only 0,2% of the space were used for fields, whereas at 1800 AD more the 40% of the space in the Rhineland is fields (report chapter 4.3, Abb. 54).