Dissecting the "Own-Race Bias" in Face Recognition

本研究进行了一系列的七个实验，旨在测试理论推导的预测，这些预测假设解释了自身种族偏见的原因和相关关系。与其他种族的人相比，人们倾向于更好地识别自己种族的成员，这一ORB已经被实证证明了多年，但仍未得到解释。前四项研究考察了假设为ORB基础的变量的影响。具体来说，感知的典型、熟悉度和记忆性可能与种族和感知专长相互作用，从而决定面部识别的准确性。此外，种族态度的作用，人们用来搜索他们的记忆的认知策略，以及他们的眼睛扫描模式将被检查。其他三个研究调查了对面孔的描述是否存在和ORB，记忆的激励动机是否影响准确性，ORB不仅存在于照片，而且存在于队列。在每一种情况下，研究参与者都将被展示照片或录像刺激，然后被要求识别以前见过的被嵌入新分心刺激的个体。参与者是自我认定的非裔美国人，混合种族血统，或非西班牙裔白人。刺激物是非裔美国人或白人。每个研究共有的因变量是命中率、假警报和A'信号检测措施。数据将通过方差分析进行分析。这项工作不仅与社会和认知心理学理论有直接的理论联系，而且在实践层面上也具有适用性。例如，在列队的情况下，对自己的种族偏见的反应的发生与法庭案件中专家证人应该或不应该作证的内容直接相关。本研究进行了一系列的七个实验，旨在测试理论推导的预测，这些预测是用来解释自身种族偏见的原因和相关因素的假设。与其他种族的人相比，人们倾向于更好地识别自己种族的成员，这一ORB已经被实证证明了多年，但仍未得到解释。前四项研究考察了假设为ORB基础的变量的影响。具体来说，感知的典型、熟悉度和记忆性可能与种族和感知专长相互作用，从而决定面部识别的准确性。此外，种族态度的作用，人们用来搜索他们的记忆的认知策略，以及他们的眼睛扫描模式将被检查。其他三个研究调查了对面孔的描述是否存在和ORB，记忆的激励动机是否影响准确性，ORB不仅存在于照片，而且存在于队列。在每一种情况下，研究参与者都将被展示照片或录像刺激，然后被要求识别以前见过的被嵌入新分心刺激的个体。参与者是自我认定的非裔美国人，混合种族血统，或非西班牙裔白人。刺激物是非裔美国人或白人。每个研究共有的因变量是命中率、假警报和A'信号检测措施。数据将通过方差分析进行分析。这项工作不仅与社会和认知心理学理论有直接的理论联系，而且在实践层面上也具有适用性。例如，在列队的情况下，对自己的种族偏见的反应的发生与法庭案件中专家证人应该或不应该作证的内容直接相关。

This research undertakes a series of seven experiments designed to test theoretically derived predictions hypothesized to explain the causes and correlates of the Own Race Bias. The ORB, the tendency for people to be better at identifying members of their own racial group in comparison to members of other groups, has been demonstrated empirically for years, but remains unexplained. The first four studies examine the impact of variables hypothesized to underlie the ORB. Specifically, perceived typicality, familiarity, and memorability may interact with race and perceptual expertise to determine facial recognition accuracy. In addition, the role of racial attitudes, cognitive strategies people use to search their memories, and their eye scanning patterns will be examined. The other three studies investigate whether and ORB exists for descriptions of faces, whether incentive motivation to remember influences accuracy, and the ORB exists not only for photographs, but for lineups. In each case, research participants will be shown photographs or videotaped stimuli and later asked to identify previously seen individuals who have been embedded within new distractor stimuli. Participants are self-identified African Americans, of mixed racial ancestry, or white non-Hispanics. Stimuli are African American or white. Dependent variables common to each of the studies are hit rate, false alarms, and A' signal detection measures. Data will be analyzed via MANOVA. This work will not only have direct theoretical relevance to social and cognitive psychological theories, but applicability at the practical level as well. For example, the occurrence of an own-race bias to responses in lineup situations has direct relevance for what should or should not be testified to by expert witnesses in court cases. %%% This research undertakes a series of seven experiments designed to test theoretically derived predictions hypothesized to explain the causes and correlates of the Own Race Bias. The ORB, the tendency for people to be better at identifying members of their own racial group in comparison to members of other groups, has been demonstrated empirically for years, but remains unexplained. The first four studies examine the impact of variables hypothesized to underlie the ORB. Specifically, perceived typicality, familiarity, and memorability may interact with race and perceptual expertise to determine facial recognition accuracy. In addition, the role of racial attitudes, cognitive strategies people use to search their memories, and their eye scanning patterns will be examined. The other three studies investigate whether and ORB exists for descriptions of faces, whether incentive motivation to remember influences accuracy, and the ORB exists not only for photographs, but for lineups. In each case, research participants will be shown photographs or videotaped stimuli and later asked to identify previously seen individuals who have been embedded within new distractor stimuli. Participants are self-identified African Americans, of mixed racial ancestry, or white non-Hispanics. Stimuli are African American or white. Dependent variables common to each of the studies are hit rate, false alarms, and A' signal detection measures. Data will be analyzed via MANOVA. This work will not only have direct theoretical relevance to social and cognitive psychological theories, but applicability at the practical level as well. For example, the occurrence of an own-race bias to responses in lineup situations has direct relevance for what should or should not be testified to by expert witnesses in court cases.