Continuous Monitoring of CO2 Emission at Mammoth Mountain, California

在1989年一段明显的地震活动时期之后，加利福尼亚猛犸山侧翼排放的二氧化碳导致大面积的树木死亡。这个地区在1997年再次经历了相当大的地震动荡。1997年8月和1998年1月，PI使用便携式通量计测量了最大的树木砍伐区（马蹄湖）的二氧化碳排放量。这些测量结果表明，在这一时期，二氧化碳通量显著增加。为了阐明通过猛犸山火山大厦的二氧化碳脱气控制，并监测火山危害，迫切需要持续监测猛犸山的二氧化碳排放。因此，这笔赠款提供资金用于购买、安装和维护设备，以便在猛犸山马蹄湖树木砍伐区一个精心选择的地点持续监测二氧化碳通量。连续通量测量系统基于累积室原理，其中CO2通量是由CO2浓度在地面上放置后立即增加的速率得出的。连续监测系统每30分钟自动进行通量测量，并通过超高频遥测系统获取和存储远程传输的数据。仪器将由意大利比萨的West Systems公司建造和安装，该公司已在二氧化碳通量高的欧洲地区成功地安装和现场测试了相同的仪器。在West Systems人员安装和培训之后，私家侦探和John Rogie（宾夕法尼亚州立大学从事二氧化碳排放研究的研究生）将参与仪器维护，以及数据的获取和解释。这笔设备采购的配套资金将通过美国地质调查局的火山灾害项目提供。因此，这一设备的采购得到了美国地质调查局人员的热情支持，他们积极参与对猛犸山和长谷火山口骚乱的监视。＊＊＊

9810417 Kerrick Following a period of marked earthquake activity in 1989, emission of CO2 from the flanks of Mammoth Mountain, California, resulted in large areas of tree kill. This region again experienced considerable seismic unrest in 1997. Using a portable fluxmeter, the PI's measured CO2 emission in the largest tree kill area (Horseshoe Lake) in August, 1997, and January, 1998. These measurements suggest that there was a significant increase in CO2 flux within this period. To shed light on the controls of CO2 degassing through the volcanic edifice at Mammoth Mountain, and to monitor for volcanic hazard, there is a compelling need to continuously monitor CO2 emission at Mammoth Mountain. Accordingly, this grant provides funds to purchase, install and maintain equipment to continuously monitor CO2 flux at a carefully chosen site in the Horseshoe Lake tree kill area at Mammoth Mountain. The continuous flux measurement system is based on the accumulation chamber principle where CO2 flux is derived from the rate of increase of CO2 concentration immediately following placement of the chamber on the ground surface. The continuous monitoring system automatically makes flux measurements every 30 minutes and acquires and stores data that is remotely transmitted via a UHF telemetry system. The instrumentation will be constructed and installed by West Systems of Pisa, Italy, who have successfully installed and field tested identical instruments in European localities of high CO2 flux. Following installation and training by the West Systems personnel, the P.I. and John Rogie (a Penn State graduate student carrying out research on CO2 emission) will be involved in instrument maintenance, and in the acquisition and interpretation of the data. Matching funds for this equipment acquisition will be provided through the Volcano Hazards program of the U.S. Geological Survey. Accordingly, this equipment acquisition is enthusiastically supported by U.S.G.S. personnel wh o are actively involved in surveillance of unrest at Mammoth Mountain and the Long Valley caldera. ***