Mismatch between periphyton and macrophyte development in spring: crucial for submerged macrophyte recolonization in eutrophic shallow lakes?

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Submerged macrophytes stabilize the clear water regime in shallow lakes, but were often completely lost during eutrophication resulting in a shift to the turbid, phytoplankton-dominated regime. Re-colonization of submerged macrophytes often failed after reoligotrophication of shallow lakes despite an increased light availability in spring. Shading by periphyton is supposed to be one of the reasons. Periphyton biomass in eutrophic lakes has been suggested to be potentially controlled by a cascading effect of fish predation on periphyton-grazing invertebrates. Direct experimental evidence of this top-down control of periphyton and its relevance for submerged macrophyte re-colonization, however, is still lacking. We plan a combination of field and laboratory experiments and modeling to unravel the role of periphyton shading for the development of submerged macrophytes as a base for sustainable management of shallow eutrophic lakes. The focus is on in situ evidence of topdown control of periphyton by a fish-invertebrates-cascade, the shading impact during early stages of macrophyte development and the impact of timing of the clear water phase and tuber sprouting in spring for a mismatch between periphyton and macrophyte growth.