Earthquake Resistant Design and Remediation of Lifelines and Deep Foundations Subjected to Liquefaction: Case Histories, Modeling, and Coordination

1995年兵库县南部地震夺去了5500多人的生命，造成的损失超过1000亿美元。 煤气、水和电力公用事业管线破裂。 公路、铁路和地铁上的桥梁和立交桥倒塌。 高层住宅和办公楼严重受损。 液化土沉降并沿海岸、码头、海堤和码头沿着横向扩展。 在海岸和人工岛（港口岛和六港岛）上，几公里长的码头和码头墙倾斜着。 整个科比港几乎被完全摧毁。 这场城市灾难是由于地震直接袭击了人口稠密的城市地区。 幸运的是，加州的圣费尔南多谷避免了类似的破坏，因为194年北岭地震将其能量释放到远离人口稠密地区的地方。 该奖项是一个由美国和日本研究人员组成的团队合作的一部分。 在美国方面，该团队包括来自康奈尔大学、伦斯勒理工学院和南加州大学（USC）的教授和学生。 一些美国政府和工业组织也同意在拟议的工作中进行合作，包括多学科地震工程研究中心（MCEER）、洛杉矶水电部（LADWP）、太平洋天然气电力公司、美国陆军工程兵团、美国地质调查局和伍德沃德-克莱德咨询公司。 日本方面，由京都大学、东京工业大学、东京大学、早稻田大学、山口大学的教授和学生组成。 一些日本政府和工业组织也将为研究工作做出贡献。 拟议的团队研究的主要目标是调查在1994年北岭和1995年兵库县南部地震的基础和生命线系统的变形引起的影响，并提出工程解决方案，减轻这些破坏性的影响，在未来的地震。 研究小组的研究结果将有助美国及日本在岩土及结构工程方面推行以性能为本的设计。康奈尔大学的研究目标是：1）协调这项合作研究计划，包括组织研讨会和编辑研讨会记录，2）编制和出版1994年北岭和1995年科比地震的综合案例史，3）评估地震引起的地面变形的区域和地方模式及其与地下生命线破坏的关系，4）制定并公布美日共识文件，内容涉及设计、选址和缓解措施，以保护生命线和深层地基免受液化影响。

The 1995 Hyogoken-Nanbu earthquake claimed more than 5500 lives and caused damage in excess of 100 billion dollars. Gas, water and electric utility lines ruptured. Bridges and over-passes on highways, railroads and subways collapsed. High-rise residential and office structures were severely damaged. Liquefied soils settled and spread laterally along the coast and in docks, piers, sea walls and quays. Kilometers of docks and quay walls tilted and settled both at the coast and in the man-made islands, Port Island and Rokko Island. The entire port of Kobe was almost completely destroyed. This urban disaster resulted from an earthquake striking directly within a densely populated urban area. A similar devastation was fortunately avoided in the San Fernando Valley in California as the 194 Northridge earthquake released its energy away from populated areas. This award is part of a collaborative effort involving a team of US and Japanese researchers. On the US side, the team includes professors and students from Cornell University, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, and the University of Southern California (USC). Several US government and industrial organizations have also agreed to cooperate in the proposed work, including, the Multidisciplinary Center for Earthquake Engineering Research (MCEER), Los Angeles Department of Water and Power (LADWP), Pacific Gas & Electric Company, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, U.S. Geological Survey, and Woodward-Clyde Consultants. On the Japanese side, the team consists of professors and students from Kyoto University, Tokyo Institute of Technology, University of Tokyo, Waseda University, and Yamaguchi University. Several Japanese government and industrial organizations will also contribute to the research effort. The main objective of the proposed team research is to investigate the effects of liquefaction-induced deformation on foundations and lifelines systems in the 1994 Northridge and 1995 Hyogoken-Nanbu earthquakes, and to propose engineering solutions that mitigate these devastating effects in future in earthquakes. The findings of the research team will contribute to the implementation of performance-based design in geotechnical and structural engineering in the United States and Japan.The objectives of the research at Cornell University are to: 1) coordinate this cooperative research program, including organization of workshops and editing of workshop proceedings, 2) development and publication of a comprehensive case history of the 1994 Northridge and 1995 Kobe earthquakes, 3) evaluation of regional and local patterns of earthquake-induced ground deformation and their relationship with underground lifeline damage, and 4) development and publication of a US-Japan consensus document on design, siting, and mitigation procedures to protect lifelines and deep foundations from liquefaction.