Earthquake Resistant Design and Remediation of Lifelines and Deep Foundations Subjected to Liquefaction: Case Histories, Modeling, and Coordination

1995 年兵库县南部地震夺去了 5500 多人的生命，造成的损失超过 1000 亿美元。 煤气、水和电力线路破裂。 高速公路、铁路和地铁上的桥梁和立交桥倒塌。 高层住宅和办公建筑遭到严重破坏。 液化土壤沿着海岸以及船坞、桥墩、海堤和码头沉降并横向扩散。 数公里的码头和码头墙在海岸和人造岛屿、港口岛和六甲岛倾斜并沉降。 整个神户港几乎完全被摧毁。 这场城市灾难是由地震直接袭击人口稠密的城市地区造成的。 幸运的是，加利福尼亚州圣费尔南多谷避免了类似的破坏，因为 194 年北岭地震将能量从人口稠密地区释放出来。 该奖项是美国和日本研究人员团队合作的一部分。 美国方面，团队包括来自康奈尔大学、伦斯勒理工学院和南加州大学（USC）的教授和学生。 一些美国政府和工业组织也同意在拟议的工作中进行合作，包括地震工程研究多学科中心 (MCEER)、洛杉矶水电部 (LADWP)、太平洋天然气电力公司、美国陆军工程兵团、美国地质调查局和伍德沃德克莱德咨询公司。 日本方面，团队由来自京都大学、东京工业大学、东京大学、早稻田大学、山口大学的教授和学生组成。 一些日本政府和工业组织也将为这项研究工作做出贡献。 拟议团队研究的主要目标是调查 1994 年北岭地震和 1995 年兵库县南部地震中液化引起的变形对地基和生命线系统的影响，并提出减轻未来地震中这些破坏性影响的工程解决方案。 研究小组的研究成果将有助于美国和日本岩土和结构工程中基于性能的设计的实施。康奈尔大学的研究目标是：1）协调这一合作研究计划，包括组织研讨会和编辑研讨会论文集，2）开发和出版 1994 年北岭地震和 1995 年神户地震的综合案例历史，3）评估地震引起的地面变形的区域和局部模式及其与地下生命线损坏的关系， 4) 制定并发布美日关于设计、选址和缓解程序的共识文件，以保护生命线和深层地基免遭液化。

The 1995 Hyogoken-Nanbu earthquake claimed more than 5500 lives and caused damage in excess of 100 billion dollars. Gas, water and electric utility lines ruptured. Bridges and over-passes on highways, railroads and subways collapsed. High-rise residential and office structures were severely damaged. Liquefied soils settled and spread laterally along the coast and in docks, piers, sea walls and quays. Kilometers of docks and quay walls tilted and settled both at the coast and in the man-made islands, Port Island and Rokko Island. The entire port of Kobe was almost completely destroyed. This urban disaster resulted from an earthquake striking directly within a densely populated urban area. A similar devastation was fortunately avoided in the San Fernando Valley in California as the 194 Northridge earthquake released its energy away from populated areas. This award is part of a collaborative effort involving a team of US and Japanese researchers. On the US side, the team includes professors and students from Cornell University, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, and the University of Southern California (USC). Several US government and industrial organizations have also agreed to cooperate in the proposed work, including, the Multidisciplinary Center for Earthquake Engineering Research (MCEER), Los Angeles Department of Water and Power (LADWP), Pacific Gas & Electric Company, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, U.S. Geological Survey, and Woodward-Clyde Consultants. On the Japanese side, the team consists of professors and students from Kyoto University, Tokyo Institute of Technology, University of Tokyo, Waseda University, and Yamaguchi University. Several Japanese government and industrial organizations will also contribute to the research effort. The main objective of the proposed team research is to investigate the effects of liquefaction-induced deformation on foundations and lifelines systems in the 1994 Northridge and 1995 Hyogoken-Nanbu earthquakes, and to propose engineering solutions that mitigate these devastating effects in future in earthquakes. The findings of the research team will contribute to the implementation of performance-based design in geotechnical and structural engineering in the United States and Japan.The objectives of the research at Cornell University are to: 1) coordinate this cooperative research program, including organization of workshops and editing of workshop proceedings, 2) development and publication of a comprehensive case history of the 1994 Northridge and 1995 Kobe earthquakes, 3) evaluation of regional and local patterns of earthquake-induced ground deformation and their relationship with underground lifeline damage, and 4) development and publication of a US-Japan consensus document on design, siting, and mitigation procedures to protect lifelines and deep foundations from liquefaction.