The Genetics of Speciation: The Genetic Architecture of Premating Behaviors in the Hawaiian Cricket Genus Laupala

摘要。测试关于物种形成过程中性状变化和产生生物多样性的遗传基础的假设是本研究的主要目标。将研究蟋蟀属Laupala在配偶识别中涉及的声学通信行为的基因组贡献。不同种类的劳帕拉有独特的鸣声，并表现出物种特有的声音偏好，这导致了物种间的杂交模式，从而为这一问题提供了一个有用的模型。将测量Laupala的声学表型（鸣叫和偏好），并对这对新近衍生的物种进行定量性状位点研究。我们将构建基因组连锁图谱，并建立一个大型种间繁殖种群，以解决以下问题：1)是否有许多小的、加性效应的基因在这两个物种之间的鸣叫和偏好的种间变异中起着基础和定向作用？ 2)影响鸣叫变异的基因组区域是否也影响声音偏好的变异？行为差异可能是现代物种之间的主要差异，然而我们对这些行为的遗传基础的理解落后于我们对物种形成的其他方面的理解。这项研究将开始改变这一缺陷。目前的工作为未来的研究创造了资源，将候选基因座，如离子通道和生物钟基因，整合到我们的连锁图谱和遗传作图分析中。交配伙伴之间的许多功能协调取决于行为的生物学时间因素的表达，劳帕拉为研究这一观察提供了一个有用的模型。节律性行为远远超出了杂交事件，并在许多情况下被部署，对生物多样性做出了重大贡献。这些不同的行为可能具有共同的力学特性和起源。这些生物钟运转速度的变化可能导致各种各样的现象，如神经系统疾病、物种形成和多样化节奏的变化。

Abstract. Testing hypotheses about the genetic basis of traits that change during speciation and generate biodiversity is the primary goal of this study. The genomic contributions of acoustic communication behaviors involved in mate recognition in the cricket genus Laupala will be studied. Different species of Laupala sing distinctively and show species-specific acoustic preferences that lead to patterns of interbreeding within species, and thus present a useful model for this problem. The acoustic phenotypes of Laupala (both song and preference) will be measured and a quantitative trait locus study will be undertaken in this recently derived pair of species. A genomic linkage map will be constructed and a large interspecific breeding population will be generated to address questions about these traits: 1) do many genes of small, additive effect underlie and make directional contributions to the interspecific variation in song and in preference between these two species, and 2) do the genomic regions affecting song variation also affect acoustic preference variation? Behavioral differences may be the primary differences between recent species, and yet our understanding of the genetic basis of these behaviors lags behind our understanding of other aspects of speciation. This study will begin to change this deficiency. The present work creates a resource for future studies that will integrate candidate loci, such as ion channel and biological clock genes, into our linkage map and genetic mapping analyses. Much of the functional coordination between the mating partners depends on the expression of biologically timed elements of behavior and Laupala provides a useful model to study this observation. Rhythmic behavior extends well beyond interbreeding events and are deployed in many contexts, making a substantial contribution to biological diversity. These diverse behaviors may share common mechanical properties and origins. Changes in the rate at which these clocks tick may cause phenomena as diverse as neurological disease and variation in speciation and diversification tempos.