Collaborative Research: Racial and Performance Models of African-American Mayoral Approval

合作研究：非洲裔美国市长认可的种族和绩效模型

• 批准号: 9986165
• 负责人: Susan Howell
• 金额: $ 12.44万
• 依托单位: University of New Orleans
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 项目类别: Standard Grant
• 财政年份: 2000
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 2000-05-01 至 2002-04-30
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=9986165&HistoricalAwards=false
• 关键词: Collaborative; Research; Racial; Performance; Models

This investigate compares a Performance Model to a Racial Model in explaining approval of black mayors. The Performance Model emphasizes citizen evaluations of conditions in the city and the mayor's perceived effectiveness in dealing with urban problems. The investigators have a wealth of research confirming that evaluations of conditions in the nation influence presidential popularity and a fair amount drawing the same conclusion for states and governors. Is this model generalizable to the next level of executive offices in the U.S.? The Racial Model, on the other hand, stipulates that approval of a black mayor is based primarily on racial identification or racism. Most of the research on black mayors emphasizes this racial model and focuses on racial polarization in their electionsThe theoretical implication of this research is the applicability of the performance model of approval to black public officials. Several large majority minority cities have had black mayors for more than two decades, making a minority executive somewhat institutionalized in these settings. If these mayors are still evaluated in primarily racial terms, as opposed to performance, it is a pessimistic conclusion for urban race relations, regionalism and urban revival, as well as a factor which complicates governance for black mayors. On the other hand, if performance has become the yardstick for evaluating black mayors, it indicates that urban residents are becoming less sensitive to race in evaluating minority officials. Furthermore, there may be differences in the criteria that black and white citizens use to evaluate a black mayor; that is, the model of approval may differ from blacks to whites, and these differences can create further difficulties in governing.These models are tested using large scale sample surveys in six cities which are divided into multigenerational black mayor cities and first generation black mayor cities. Multi-generation black mayor cities are cities which have had at least two African Americans to serve as mayor. The cities included in this category are Atlanta, New Orleans, and Detroit. First generation black mayor cities are cities in which an African American is serving as the first black mayor of the city. The cities included in this category are Denver, Jackson, Mississippi, and San Francisco. The use of two categories of cities based on length of mayoral service provides scientific variation in the black mayoral leadership variable.These data will be of substantial value to other scholars interested in this topic.

本研究比较了绩效模型和种族模型在解释黑人市长的批准。 绩效模型强调市民对城市状况的评价以及市长在处理城市问题方面的感知有效性。 调查人员有大量的研究证实，对国家状况的评估会影响总统的受欢迎程度，而且相当多的人会对州和州长得出同样的结论。 这种模式是否可以推广到美国的下一级行政办公室？ 另一方面，种族模式规定，批准黑人市长主要是基于种族认同或种族主义。 101对黑人市长的研究大多强调这一种族模型，并关注其选举中的种族两极分化，本研究的理论意义在于认可绩效模型对黑人公职人员的适用性。 几个主要的少数民族城市已经有黑人市长超过二十年，使少数民族行政在这些设置有点制度化。 如果这些市长仍然主要从种族方面来评价，而不是从业绩方面来评价，这对城市种族关系、地方主义和城市复兴来说是一个悲观的结论，也是一个使黑人市长的治理复杂化的因素。 另一方面，如果业绩成为评价黑人市长的标尺，则表明城市居民在评价少数族裔官员时对种族的敏感度正在降低。 此外，黑人和白色公民评价黑人市长的标准可能存在差异，即黑人和白人对黑人市长的认可模式可能不同，这些差异可能会给执政带来进一步的困难。本文采用大规模抽样调查的方法，在六个城市（分为多代黑人市长城市和第一代黑人市长城市）对这些模型进行了检验。 多代黑人市长城市是至少有两名非洲裔美国人担任市长的城市。 这一类城市包括亚特兰大、新奥尔良和底特律。 第一代黑人市长城市（英语：First Generation black mayor cities）是指由非裔美国人担任第一位黑人市长的城市。 包括在这一类别的城市是丹佛，杰克逊，密西西比，和旧金山弗朗西斯科。 根据市长任职时间长短将城市分为两类，这为黑人市长领导力变量提供了科学的变量，这些数据对其他对这一主题感兴趣的学者具有重要价值。