Transforming Property, Persons, and State: Collectivization in Romania 1949-1962

转变财产、个人和国家：1949-1962 年罗马尼亚的集体化

• 批准号: 0003891
• 负责人: Katherine Verdery
• 金额: $ 20.52万
• 依托单位: Regents of the University of Michigan - Ann Arbor
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 项目类别: Continuing Grant
• 财政年份: 2001
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 2001-05-01 至 2004-04-30
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=0003891&HistoricalAwards=false
• 关键词: Transforming; Property; Persons; State; Collectivization

High on the agenda of post-Soviet transformation since 1989 is "privatization," the creation or recreation of private ownership from the collective property forms created during the socialist period. Western understanding of this phenomenon suffers from ignorance not only of how property in socialism worked but also of the processes by which that property was constituted in the first place, with their devastating effects on social relationships. As a result, privatization programs risk imposing a utopian goal on an insufficiently appreciated reality in much the same way that Bolshevism did earlier in the century.This project examines the earlier of these two property transformations for one property object -- land -- and one post-socialist country in Eastern Europe -- Romania. By means of a collaborative venture involving fifteen anthropologists, sociologists, and historians from the U.S., Great Britain, and Romania, including both senior scholars and graduate students, the project will research the process through which collective property in land was created in Romania between 1949 and 1962 (when collectivization there was declared complete). Research methods include both oral-history interviews and research in archives; the project is possible because some of those who experienced collectivization are still alive and because newly opened archives will provide information not previously available.The project's goal is to analyze what collectivization reveals about the operations of the socialist state-in-formation and the creation/transformation of persons. Collectivization was instrumental in establishing the nature of the new Party-state and of the subjects it would govern; the policy was thus a defining moment both for the peasantry who suffered its consequences and for the apparatus that initiated it. Guiding questions include: What can one learn about how new techniques of rule were created and applied? To the extent that different forms of property entail different understandings of the person and of what it means to be a respectable human being, how did collectivization affect personhood? Are there discernible differences in the course of collectivization according to the ethno-national composition of different villages and regions? Did central directives repeatedly override policies adopted locally in response to local problems? Did local resistance to collectivization substantially modify how collective property was being made, thus affecting the subsequent operations of Romanian communist power and how the parts of the state apparatus related to one another? Was resistance more marked in some parts of the country than in others -- thus, did certain locales disproportionately affect the national outcome?Answers to these kinds of questions will help to show how a policy instigated in obedience to the Stalinist model took specific shape in Romania and helped to form there a particular configuration of inter-bureaucratic and state-subject relations. The result of this work will be an analytic history of property-making relevant to present-day remakings of property -- a topic of increasing interest and practical concern in the contemporary world.

自1989年以来，苏联解体后的改革议程上的一个重要议题是“私有化”，即从社会主义时期创造的集体财产形式中创造或重新创造私有制。西方对这一现象的理解不仅由于对社会主义中的财产如何运作的无知，而且由于对财产最初构成的过程及其对社会关系的破坏性影响的无知。因此，私有化计划有可能将乌托邦式的目标强加于一个没有得到充分认识的现实，就像布尔什维主义在世纪早期所做的那样。本项目考察了这两次财产转变中较早的一次，即土地和东欧的一个后社会主义国家罗马尼亚。通过一项由15位来自美国的人类学家、社会学家和历史学家参与的合作项目，该项目将研究1949年至1962年（当时宣布集体化完成）罗马尼亚土地集体所有权的建立过程。研究方法包括口述历史访谈和档案研究;该项目之所以成为可能，是因为一些经历过集体化的人仍然活着，而且新开放的档案将提供以前无法获得的信息。该项目的目标是分析集体化揭示了社会主义国家信息的运作和人的创造/转变。集体化有助于确立新的党国性质及其统治对象的性质。因此，无论是对遭受其后果的农民，还是对发起这一政策的机构，集体化都是一个决定性的时刻。指导性问题包括：关于新的统治技术是如何被创造和应用的，人们能从中学到什么？在某种程度上，不同形式的财产意味着对人的不同理解，以及对成为一个受人尊敬的人意味着什么的不同理解，集体化是如何影响人格的？根据不同村庄和地区的民族构成，集体化过程中是否存在明显的差异？中央指令是否一再推翻地方为应对地方问题而采取的政策？当地对集体化的抵制是否实质性地改变了集体财产的形成方式，从而影响了罗马尼亚共产主义政权的后续运作以及国家机器各部分之间的关系？抵抗在该国某些地区是否比在其他地区更明显-因此，某些地方是否对全国的结果产生了不成比例的影响？对这类问题的回答将有助于说明，一种服从斯大林主义模式的政策是如何在罗马尼亚具体形成的，并有助于在那里形成一种特殊的官僚间关系和国家-臣民关系的结构。这项工作的结果将是一个分析历史的财产决策有关的当今remakings的财产-一个话题越来越多的兴趣和实际关注的当代世界。