Dissertation Research: Phylogenetic Examination of Novel Wing Morphology and Function in Mechanical Sound Producing Piprids (Aves: Pipridae)

0073289 Prum和Bostwick新热带区侏儒鸟是一个科，分布于约100个热带区。40种鸟类分布在中美洲和南美洲。 雄性侏儒鸟的颜色非常鲜艳，它们会为雌性侏儒鸟进行精心的求爱表演。 侏儒鸟行为的一个不寻常的方面是雄性侏儒鸟倾向于用翅膀的声音来展示自己。 相对于发声，这些“机械声”在鸟类中是罕见的。 然而，在侏儒鸟中，物种之间的假设关系（进化），以及关于机械声音本身的细节（当它们在展示期间产生时，以及翅膀的哪个部分等）。表明翅膀的声音在家族中已经进化了多次。 事实上，至少有三个谱系，Manacini，Ilicurini和Piprini，独立地进化出在求偶表演中产生独特的机械翅膀声音的能力。研究生金伯利·博斯特威克在顾问理查德·普鲁姆博士的指导下，正在研究这种机械声音产生的形态和行为特征及其在Pipridae鸟类中的进化。具体而言，该项目将考虑：（1）翅膀的形态如何（骨骼、肌肉和羽毛的形式）相对于非机械发声的鸟类已经进化，以及它是否在三种机械发声谱系之间变化，（2）在行为上和物理上，改变的形态如何在活的鸟类中起作用以产生翅膀声音，以及（3）形态如何，翅膀的功能和机械声音的声学在三个不同的谱系中随着时间的推移而进化。 经典的解剖描述将结合现场录像和现代比较系统发育的方法来阐明这些问题。 考虑到翅膀的声音是用于求偶显示，其中男性相互竞争与女性交配，由此产生的字符进化（行为，形态和功能）很可能是在响应女性的男性显示器的选择。 因此，该研究解决了如何通过雌性选择性选择，导致在侏儒鸟形态多样性。

0073289Prum and Bostwick The Neotropical manakins are a family of ca. 40 species of birds located inCentral and South America. Male manakins are strikingly colored, and perform elaborate courtship displays for females. One unusual aspect of manakin behavior is the propensity of males to use wing sounds in their displays. Relative to vocal sounds, these "mechanical sounds" are rare among birds. However, in manakins the hypothesized relationships between the species (the phylogeny), together with details about the mechanical sounds themselves (when they are produced during displays, and with which part of the wing, etc.) indicate wing sounds have evolved multiple times within the family. In fact, at least three lineages, Manacini, Ilicurini, and Piprini, independently evolved the ability to produce distinct mechanical wing sounds in courtship displays. Graduate student Kimberly Bostwick, with direction from adviser Dr. Richard Prum, is studying morphological and behavioral features of this mechanical sound production and its evolution in Pipridae birds. Specifically, the project will consider: (1) how the morphology of the wing (the form of the bones, muscles, and feathers) has evolved relative to non-mechanical sound producing birds, and whether it varies between the three mechanical sound-producing lineages, (2) how, behaviorally and physically, the modified morphology is functioning in living birds to produce the wing sounds, and (3) how the morphology, functioning of the wing, and acoustics of the mechanical sounds have evolved through time within the three different lineages. Classical anatomical description will be combined with field video-recording and modern comparative phylogenetic methods to shed light on these questions. Given that the wing sounds are used in courtship displays in which males compete with one another to mate with females, the resultant character evolution (behavioral, morphological, and functional) is likely to be in response to the selection of male displays by females. Thus, the research addresses how sexual selection viafemale choice has led to morphological diversity in the manakins.