Dissertation Research: Reproduction and Resource Allocation

生殖的时间和精力分配对两性都有影响。 在这项研究中，将调查男性精子分配模式的原因和后果。 从历史上看，这一领域的大多数研究都集中在卵子生产上，因为卵子的生产成本高于精子。 然而，尽管精子比卵子小，男性的每次射精可能含有大量的精子。 最近的研究表明，在许多物种中，用于配子生产的生殖资源对雄性和雌性都是有限的。雄性精子投资模式的关键是雌性与多个雄性交配的程度。 这种多次交配会在不同雄性的精子之间建立激烈的竞争，以使同一个卵子受精。 这种精子竞争的结果之一是产生大量的射精。 动态规划模型是W. E.哈里斯提供了蝾螈（Ambystoma texanum）精子分配的预测。 这个物种非常适合这样的研究，因为在任何繁殖聚集体中，每个雄性可以沉积存款60+精子包，每个精子包包含数千个精子，并且每个雌性可以在她产卵之前将20+精子包引入她的生殖道。 将使用受控实验室实验对动态规划模型的预测进行检验。精子分配的变化是大多数物种生殖模式的一个关键但研究不足的方面。 以前，大多数物种的雄性被认为产生大量的精液，因为大多数精子都有缺陷。 最近的理论认为，如果雌性有多个交配伙伴，精子分配可能是雄性为了最大限度地增加生育后代的机会而做出的几种适应性调整之一。 这项研究的目的是测试这个理论体系的几个预测。

Allocation of time and energy to reproduction influences both sexes. In this research, the causes and consequences of patterns of sperm allocation in males will be investigated. Historically, most research in this field has concentrated on egg production because an egg is more costly to produce than a sperm is. However, although sperm are smaller than eggs, each ejaculate of a male may contain enormous numbers of sperm. Recent research has revealed that reproductive resources for gamete production can be limited for males as well as for females in many species. Critical to patterns of sperm investment by males is the degree to which females mate with multiple males. Such multiple mating sets up intense competition among sperm of different males to fertilize the same egg. One consequence of such sperm competition is the production of large ejaculates. A dynamic program model developed by W. E. Harris has provided predictions for sperm allocation in the salamander, Ambystoma texanum. This species is highly suitable for such a study because within any breeding aggregation, each male may deposit 60+ sperm packets each containing many thousand sperm, and each female may induct 20+ sperm packets into her reproductive tract before she lays any eggs. Predictions from the dynamic program model will be tested using controlled laboratory experiments. Variation in sperm allocation is a key but understudied aspect of the reproductive pattern of most species. Previously, males of most species were thought to produce large ejaculates because most sperm were defective. More recent theory suggests that sperm allocation may be one of several adaptations of males to maximize their chances of siring offspring if females have multiple mating partners. The goal of this study is to test several predictions of this body of theory.